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<p>Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) is a flexible way of producing complex and designed components like cranial implants. The challenge of processing hard-to-form alloys such as commercially pure Titanium Grade 2 is however poor tribological properties leading to surface defects. This research paper examines the effectiveness of two types of nano-solid lubricants, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphene (≤ 100&#xa0;nm) in improvisng tribological performances during SPIF. Friction and wear behavior were analyzed using a pin-on-disk tribometer, while surface morphology and wear mechanisms were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Although PTFE and graphene exhibit comparable coefficient of friction (0.148 vs. 0.155) and wear rate (2.3 × 10⁻<sup>4</sup> vs. 3.4 × 10⁻<sup>4</sup>&#xa0;mm<sup>3</sup>/N&#xa0;m), SEM analysis reveals distinct lubrication mechanisms. Graphene lubrication is governed by interlayer sliding. However, agglomeration leads to non-uniform tribo-film formation, resulting in localized plowing. In contrast, PTFE forms a stable transfer film that suppresses adhesive wear and enhances surface integrity. Alicona optical 3D surface analysis showed that an average surface roughness (Ra), root mean square (RMS) and mean roughness depth (Rz) had been improved by 30.1%, 29.1%, and 19.4%, respectively. Overall, PTFE demonstrates superior performance due to its stable transfer film mechanism, making it more suitable for SPIF of titanium in biomedical applications.</p>

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Tribo-Microstructural Evaluation of Titanium Grade 2 Sheet Under Polymeric and Carbon-Based Nano-Solid Lubricants and its Influence on SPIF-Induced Surface Roughness for Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月17日

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  • Kundan Kumar Mehra,
  • Arun Sharma,
  • Parnika Shrivastava,
  • Raman Bedi

摘要

Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) is a flexible way of producing complex and designed components like cranial implants. The challenge of processing hard-to-form alloys such as commercially pure Titanium Grade 2 is however poor tribological properties leading to surface defects. This research paper examines the effectiveness of two types of nano-solid lubricants, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphene (≤ 100 nm) in improvisng tribological performances during SPIF. Friction and wear behavior were analyzed using a pin-on-disk tribometer, while surface morphology and wear mechanisms were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Although PTFE and graphene exhibit comparable coefficient of friction (0.148 vs. 0.155) and wear rate (2.3 × 10⁻4 vs. 3.4 × 10⁻4 mm3/N m), SEM analysis reveals distinct lubrication mechanisms. Graphene lubrication is governed by interlayer sliding. However, agglomeration leads to non-uniform tribo-film formation, resulting in localized plowing. In contrast, PTFE forms a stable transfer film that suppresses adhesive wear and enhances surface integrity. Alicona optical 3D surface analysis showed that an average surface roughness (Ra), root mean square (RMS) and mean roughness depth (Rz) had been improved by 30.1%, 29.1%, and 19.4%, respectively. Overall, PTFE demonstrates superior performance due to its stable transfer film mechanism, making it more suitable for SPIF of titanium in biomedical applications.