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<p>Mild steel (MS) weld was fabricated underwater using wet welding electrodes and a shielded metal arc welding process. The metallurgical and passive film behavior of underwater MS weld was compared with that of MS weld fabricated in air welding conditions (the conventional way). The Widmanstatten pattern observed in the martensite and ferrite phases significantly increased the hardness within 27% to 45% in the weld metal region of underwater MS weld relative to conventional weld. Higher Mn, S, and C concentrations and lower Si concentrations were observed in underwater MS weld metal. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results confirmed the degradation of the passive film protectiveness of underwater MS weld compared to conventional one, mainly attributed to relatively more defective iron oxide layer formed on underwater MS weld. This study establishes that MS weld fabricated underwater is harder and is more susceptible to seawater corrosive attack than MS weld fabricated in air.</p>

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Metallurgical and Passive Film Investigations of Arc-Welded Underwater Mild Steel Weld

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Dikshant Malhotra,
  • Rishika Jaiswal,
  • Anand Kumar Subramaniyan

摘要

Mild steel (MS) weld was fabricated underwater using wet welding electrodes and a shielded metal arc welding process. The metallurgical and passive film behavior of underwater MS weld was compared with that of MS weld fabricated in air welding conditions (the conventional way). The Widmanstatten pattern observed in the martensite and ferrite phases significantly increased the hardness within 27% to 45% in the weld metal region of underwater MS weld relative to conventional weld. Higher Mn, S, and C concentrations and lower Si concentrations were observed in underwater MS weld metal. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results confirmed the degradation of the passive film protectiveness of underwater MS weld compared to conventional one, mainly attributed to relatively more defective iron oxide layer formed on underwater MS weld. This study establishes that MS weld fabricated underwater is harder and is more susceptible to seawater corrosive attack than MS weld fabricated in air.