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<p>Underground hydrogen storage will be essential for storing large amounts of hydrogen (in terms of GWh of energy storage) over long periods (months to years), a critical aspect for the full deployment of the hydrogen value chain. Additionally, if naturally generated subsurface hydrogen were economically exploited, hydrogen could shift from being an energy carrier to an energy source. In both scenarios, the fundamental mechanisms controlling accumulation, storage, and retention of H<sub>2</sub> are broadly similar, although their rates and timescales greatly differ, ranging from months to years in engineered storage systems to geological timescales in natural systems. Nevertheless, similar conceptual approaches and monitoring techniques can be applied to evaluate hydrogen migration in the subsurface. This study focuses on seepage detection, exploring the potential pathways leading to macro-, micro-, and mini-seepage and reviewing state-of-the-art monitoring techniques for their recognition and quantification. While seepage detection should prioritise direct H₂ observation, a site-specific geochemical–isotopic–hydrogeological toolkit is essential to discriminate true reservoir-sourced seepage from near-surface hydrogen generation. We provide a comprehensive analysis of surface geochemical detection methods, including soil gas and groundwater surveys, and discuss the interpretation of direct H<sub>2</sub> measurements together with associated major gases and non-standard geochemical determinations.</p>

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Seepage detection of hydrogen: insights for underground hydrogen storage and natural hydrogen exploration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • J. Elío,
  • L. F. Mazadiego,
  • J. Alcalde,
  • S. Eguilior,
  • N. Heinemann,
  • A. Hurtado,
  • R. W. Klusman,
  • S. Ledesma,
  • A. Llamas,
  • R. Rodríguez,
  • L. Sangolt,
  • O. Vaselli,
  • J. M. Miocic

摘要

Underground hydrogen storage will be essential for storing large amounts of hydrogen (in terms of GWh of energy storage) over long periods (months to years), a critical aspect for the full deployment of the hydrogen value chain. Additionally, if naturally generated subsurface hydrogen were economically exploited, hydrogen could shift from being an energy carrier to an energy source. In both scenarios, the fundamental mechanisms controlling accumulation, storage, and retention of H2 are broadly similar, although their rates and timescales greatly differ, ranging from months to years in engineered storage systems to geological timescales in natural systems. Nevertheless, similar conceptual approaches and monitoring techniques can be applied to evaluate hydrogen migration in the subsurface. This study focuses on seepage detection, exploring the potential pathways leading to macro-, micro-, and mini-seepage and reviewing state-of-the-art monitoring techniques for their recognition and quantification. While seepage detection should prioritise direct H₂ observation, a site-specific geochemical–isotopic–hydrogeological toolkit is essential to discriminate true reservoir-sourced seepage from near-surface hydrogen generation. We provide a comprehensive analysis of surface geochemical detection methods, including soil gas and groundwater surveys, and discuss the interpretation of direct H2 measurements together with associated major gases and non-standard geochemical determinations.