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<p>This study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics, water quality, and potential human health risks of groundwater in the Tavas Plain (Denizli, SW Türkiye). The groundwater of the alluvial aquifer, the main freshwater resource in the region, exhibits significant contamination by arsenic (As) and nitrate (NO₃⁻). Arsenic (As) concentrations ranged from 12.3 to 58.6&#xa0;µg/L, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 10&#xa0;µg/L in all sampled groundwater. Nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentrations varied between 10.9 and 104.4&#xa0;mg/L, with 36% of the samples exceeding the WHO drinking-water limit of 50&#xa0;mg/L. Hydrogeochemical data indicate that the dominant groundwater facies are Ca²⁺- Mg²⁺- HCO₃⁻ and Mg²⁺- Ca²⁺- HCO₃⁻. These facies are primarily controlled by carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering, with additional influences from ion-exchange reactions and localized agricultural inputs. According to the Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI), all samples were classified as unsuitable for drinking, while Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) values indicated moderate contamination in 86% of the samples. Health risk assessment revealed that all groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable limits for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, mainly driven by arsenic exposure. Children exhibited significantly higher risk levels than adults, highlighting their increased vulnerability.The findings emphasize that groundwater in the Tavas Plain is unsuitable for drinking purposes and highlight the urgent need to identify alternative and sustainable water resources for the region.</p>

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Evaluation of arsenic and nitrate contamination in groundwater from alluvium aquifers: Hydrogeochemical features, water quality and health risk assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Şehnaz Şener,
  • Gözde Şavran,
  • Erhan Şener

摘要

This study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics, water quality, and potential human health risks of groundwater in the Tavas Plain (Denizli, SW Türkiye). The groundwater of the alluvial aquifer, the main freshwater resource in the region, exhibits significant contamination by arsenic (As) and nitrate (NO₃⁻). Arsenic (As) concentrations ranged from 12.3 to 58.6 µg/L, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 10 µg/L in all sampled groundwater. Nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentrations varied between 10.9 and 104.4 mg/L, with 36% of the samples exceeding the WHO drinking-water limit of 50 mg/L. Hydrogeochemical data indicate that the dominant groundwater facies are Ca²⁺- Mg²⁺- HCO₃⁻ and Mg²⁺- Ca²⁺- HCO₃⁻. These facies are primarily controlled by carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering, with additional influences from ion-exchange reactions and localized agricultural inputs. According to the Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI), all samples were classified as unsuitable for drinking, while Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) values indicated moderate contamination in 86% of the samples. Health risk assessment revealed that all groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable limits for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, mainly driven by arsenic exposure. Children exhibited significantly higher risk levels than adults, highlighting their increased vulnerability.The findings emphasize that groundwater in the Tavas Plain is unsuitable for drinking purposes and highlight the urgent need to identify alternative and sustainable water resources for the region.