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<p>In Erbil, Iraq, groundwater is especially significant to the population, especially for the semi-arid area of the central sub-basin, where there is very little surface water. This study explores the deviation of groundwater level from 2004 to 2022 for 16 wells in a monitoring network, and uses the tools of Geographic Information System (GIS) management and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to depict the pattern of spatial as well as time-based variations. The results indicate the average reduction of 57.44&#xa0;m in the span of 18 years since another increase in the shortfall was measured in the Shamamk and Kasnazan districts. Seasonal variations- it has higher stress-levels during the arid periods of the year which is mainly caused due to over-extraction of water as well as due to low level of recharge. The AHP results indicate that precipitation (30.98%) has the largest contribution, lithology and soil type may account for 30.98% of the variability in ground water. A risk map of groundwater fluctuation has been developed with the finding of the high risk locations where water resources may be controlled in a particular manner. This study is a complete framework of a sustainable groundwater development plan for the city of Erbil and other semi-arid regions who are experiencing similar hydrological problems.</p>

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The study of groundwater level fluctuations in the central Sub-Basin of Erbil-Northern Iraq

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Bruska S. Mamand,
  • Noor Kh. Yashooa,
  • Bakhtiyar A. Ali,
  • Dana K. Mawlood

摘要

In Erbil, Iraq, groundwater is especially significant to the population, especially for the semi-arid area of the central sub-basin, where there is very little surface water. This study explores the deviation of groundwater level from 2004 to 2022 for 16 wells in a monitoring network, and uses the tools of Geographic Information System (GIS) management and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to depict the pattern of spatial as well as time-based variations. The results indicate the average reduction of 57.44 m in the span of 18 years since another increase in the shortfall was measured in the Shamamk and Kasnazan districts. Seasonal variations- it has higher stress-levels during the arid periods of the year which is mainly caused due to over-extraction of water as well as due to low level of recharge. The AHP results indicate that precipitation (30.98%) has the largest contribution, lithology and soil type may account for 30.98% of the variability in ground water. A risk map of groundwater fluctuation has been developed with the finding of the high risk locations where water resources may be controlled in a particular manner. This study is a complete framework of a sustainable groundwater development plan for the city of Erbil and other semi-arid regions who are experiencing similar hydrological problems.