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<p>Extreme temperature fluctuations in cold regions significantly influence freeze-thaw damage to rock formations, with important implications for groundwater systems and slope stability in alpine environments. This study employs laboratory freeze-thaw experiments coupled with a mesoscopic numerical model based on the discrete element method to investigate the deterioration mechanisms of rocks under freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) at varying cooling rates. The findings reveal that cracks primarily form on the rock sample perimeter rather than the interior during freeze-thaw processes, propagating inward from the outer surface, with propagation rates positively correlated with cooling rates.The damage coefficient increases with higher cooling rates, leading to a 45.51% and 51.21% reduction in peak stresses for rock species, while strain at failure under uniaxial compression increase by 48.23% and 67.73% at cooling rates of 0.8&#xa0;°C/min and 2&#xa0;°C/min, respectively. As the cooling rate escalates, rock specimens exhibit more complex damage characteristics, displaying Y-shaped composite damage patterns, with rupture zones coinciding with crack locations. Increased porosity in sandstone, resulting from higher cooling rates, leads to a greater content of unfrozen water within pores, amplifying the freezing force exerted on the rock. Porosity evolution dynamically governs hydrological properties and reduces rock strength in fractured systems, thereby dictating macroscopic damage patterns. This integrated experimental-numerical study elucidates rock deformation and degradation under extreme thermal fluctuations and freeze-thaw cycles, highlighting cooling rate as a master variable governing mechanical property evolution and cold-region environmental impacts.</p>

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Cooling rate effects on mechanical deterioration and hydraulic implications of freeze-thaw damage in sandstone

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Xiaoning Li,
  • Kang Yin,
  • Gen Zhang,
  • Wu Bo,
  • Gopi Krishna Basyal,
  • Sixiang Ling,
  • Tangyao Wang,
  • Chunwei Sun

摘要

Extreme temperature fluctuations in cold regions significantly influence freeze-thaw damage to rock formations, with important implications for groundwater systems and slope stability in alpine environments. This study employs laboratory freeze-thaw experiments coupled with a mesoscopic numerical model based on the discrete element method to investigate the deterioration mechanisms of rocks under freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) at varying cooling rates. The findings reveal that cracks primarily form on the rock sample perimeter rather than the interior during freeze-thaw processes, propagating inward from the outer surface, with propagation rates positively correlated with cooling rates.The damage coefficient increases with higher cooling rates, leading to a 45.51% and 51.21% reduction in peak stresses for rock species, while strain at failure under uniaxial compression increase by 48.23% and 67.73% at cooling rates of 0.8 °C/min and 2 °C/min, respectively. As the cooling rate escalates, rock specimens exhibit more complex damage characteristics, displaying Y-shaped composite damage patterns, with rupture zones coinciding with crack locations. Increased porosity in sandstone, resulting from higher cooling rates, leads to a greater content of unfrozen water within pores, amplifying the freezing force exerted on the rock. Porosity evolution dynamically governs hydrological properties and reduces rock strength in fractured systems, thereby dictating macroscopic damage patterns. This integrated experimental-numerical study elucidates rock deformation and degradation under extreme thermal fluctuations and freeze-thaw cycles, highlighting cooling rate as a master variable governing mechanical property evolution and cold-region environmental impacts.