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<p>Soil erosion, migration, and hollowing caused by drainage pipeline leakage are major contributors to road collapse, posing serious risks to urban safety. However, the mechanisms of soil erosion and hollowing under leakage conditions remain unclear. In addition, a quantitative characterization of the initial conditions under which drainage pipe leakage triggers soil hollowing is lacking. In this study, theoretical analysis, physical modeling, and practical verification were combined to address these gaps. A physical test device was developed to simulate the soil erosion and migration caused by drainage pipeline leakage. The characteristics of soil erosion and migration hollowing processes were investigated, with a particular focus on the influence of soil dry density. An initiating condition for soil hollowing, based on the rate of change of dry density, was proposed, and its effectiveness was verified through practical tests. Fluorescent tracing images captured the development of nonuniform leakage erosion and formation of soil migration fracture planes. The process of soil erosion and migration hollowing was categorized into four stages: net-like erosion, erosion range expansion, water and soil gush collapse, and leakage channel formation. Pipeline leakage caused soil dry density to decrease gradually as the horizontal distance from the hollowing zone decreased. The soil hollowing area shifted downstream of the leakage port, where the rate of change in soil dry density accelerated. Soil dry density considerably affected hollowing triggered by leakage. Moreover, the rate of change in soil dry density was negatively correlated with the distance from the hollowing area and exhibited a critical threshold for hollowing initiation. Under the test conditions for silty clay, the critical dry density change rate ranged from 10 to 14%. The experimental findings were confirmed by practical verification results, indicating that the dry density change rate can be used as a quantitative index to predict the development stage of soil leaching. These results provide a theoretical basis and data support for the prevention of road collapse triggered by leakage.</p>

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Soil erosion and hollowing induced by drainage pipe leakage: insights from soil dry density change rates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Xiangfeng Lv,
  • Yan Chen,
  • Liting Cao,
  • Xinyue Li,
  • Zhongying Li

摘要

Soil erosion, migration, and hollowing caused by drainage pipeline leakage are major contributors to road collapse, posing serious risks to urban safety. However, the mechanisms of soil erosion and hollowing under leakage conditions remain unclear. In addition, a quantitative characterization of the initial conditions under which drainage pipe leakage triggers soil hollowing is lacking. In this study, theoretical analysis, physical modeling, and practical verification were combined to address these gaps. A physical test device was developed to simulate the soil erosion and migration caused by drainage pipeline leakage. The characteristics of soil erosion and migration hollowing processes were investigated, with a particular focus on the influence of soil dry density. An initiating condition for soil hollowing, based on the rate of change of dry density, was proposed, and its effectiveness was verified through practical tests. Fluorescent tracing images captured the development of nonuniform leakage erosion and formation of soil migration fracture planes. The process of soil erosion and migration hollowing was categorized into four stages: net-like erosion, erosion range expansion, water and soil gush collapse, and leakage channel formation. Pipeline leakage caused soil dry density to decrease gradually as the horizontal distance from the hollowing zone decreased. The soil hollowing area shifted downstream of the leakage port, where the rate of change in soil dry density accelerated. Soil dry density considerably affected hollowing triggered by leakage. Moreover, the rate of change in soil dry density was negatively correlated with the distance from the hollowing area and exhibited a critical threshold for hollowing initiation. Under the test conditions for silty clay, the critical dry density change rate ranged from 10 to 14%. The experimental findings were confirmed by practical verification results, indicating that the dry density change rate can be used as a quantitative index to predict the development stage of soil leaching. These results provide a theoretical basis and data support for the prevention of road collapse triggered by leakage.