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<p>In aquatic ecosystems, phytoplankton and macrophytes are main primary producers, and their interaction is profoundly influenced by global warming. Existing studies have primarily focused on exposure experiments involving metabolites or extracts. However, there is limited understanding of the actual and direct interactions between macrophytes and cyanobacteria under elevated temperatures. In the present study, a common submerged macrophyte, <i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i>, and a widespread cyanobacteria species, <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>, were cultivated alone or together under three different temperature gradients (25℃, 30℃, and 35℃) for 7 days. Results showed that the negative effect of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> on <i>C. demersum</i> was only observed at 30℃ and 35℃ with decreased fresh weight increment of 31.5% and 31.7%, respectively. The presence of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> induced oxidative stress in <i>C. demersum</i>, as indicated by the increased catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Our results first found that the presence of <i>C. demersum</i> significantly increased the cell density of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> at high temperatures (30℃, 35℃). Moreover, microcystins (MCs) synthesis was stimulated by <i>C. demersum</i> with elevated <i>mcyB</i> gene (encodes microcystin synthetase subunit B) expression in <i>M. aeruginosa</i>. In addition, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) contents in co-cultivation treatments were 32.4% (30℃) and 50.1% (35℃) higher than those of the corresponding controls on day 7. Our findings contribute to understanding the temperature-dependent interactions between macrophytes and cyanobacteria, providing a mechanistic basis for exploring their dynamics in warming aquatic ecosystems.</p>

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The interactions between Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Microcystis aeruginosa exposed to increased temperature

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月13日

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  • Lei Yao,
  • Qing Cao,
  • Bensheng You,
  • Jiali Yan,
  • Lei Zhang

摘要

In aquatic ecosystems, phytoplankton and macrophytes are main primary producers, and their interaction is profoundly influenced by global warming. Existing studies have primarily focused on exposure experiments involving metabolites or extracts. However, there is limited understanding of the actual and direct interactions between macrophytes and cyanobacteria under elevated temperatures. In the present study, a common submerged macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum, and a widespread cyanobacteria species, Microcystis aeruginosa, were cultivated alone or together under three different temperature gradients (25℃, 30℃, and 35℃) for 7 days. Results showed that the negative effect of M. aeruginosa on C. demersum was only observed at 30℃ and 35℃ with decreased fresh weight increment of 31.5% and 31.7%, respectively. The presence of M. aeruginosa induced oxidative stress in C. demersum, as indicated by the increased catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Our results first found that the presence of C. demersum significantly increased the cell density of M. aeruginosa at high temperatures (30℃, 35℃). Moreover, microcystins (MCs) synthesis was stimulated by C. demersum with elevated mcyB gene (encodes microcystin synthetase subunit B) expression in M. aeruginosa. In addition, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) contents in co-cultivation treatments were 32.4% (30℃) and 50.1% (35℃) higher than those of the corresponding controls on day 7. Our findings contribute to understanding the temperature-dependent interactions between macrophytes and cyanobacteria, providing a mechanistic basis for exploring their dynamics in warming aquatic ecosystems.