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<p>This study examines the use of hydrothermal stabilization as a sustainable and effective method for enhancing the engineering properties of clayey soils. The research utilizes industrial by-products, including fly ash, lime, steel slag, and cement kiln dust (CKD), as stabilizing agents. Under elevated temperature and pressure conditions, the hydrothermal process promotes the formation of cementitious compounds, such as calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates, which enhance soil strength, reduce plasticity, and minimize shrinkage and swelling behavior. Clayey soils, known for their high plasticity and low shear strength, respond well to this treatment, making them suitable candidates for such stabilization techniques. Fly ash and CKD, in particular, offer environmental and mechanical benefits due to their pozzolanic reactivity and role in reducing the carbon footprint. Lime remains a widely used additive due to its cost-effectiveness and strong chemical interaction with clay minerals. Steel slag contributes pozzolanic and cementitious properties, enhancing strength and volumetric stability. This review highlights the critical role of raw material composition, dosage, and thermal conditions in the success of hydrothermal stabilization, offering a promising pathway for sustainable geotechnical applications.</p>

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Hydrothermal stabilization of clay soils using industrial by-products: A comprehensive review of microstructure, chemical composition, and mechanical properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • Shifa Burhan,
  • Ahmed Salih Mohammed

摘要

This study examines the use of hydrothermal stabilization as a sustainable and effective method for enhancing the engineering properties of clayey soils. The research utilizes industrial by-products, including fly ash, lime, steel slag, and cement kiln dust (CKD), as stabilizing agents. Under elevated temperature and pressure conditions, the hydrothermal process promotes the formation of cementitious compounds, such as calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates, which enhance soil strength, reduce plasticity, and minimize shrinkage and swelling behavior. Clayey soils, known for their high plasticity and low shear strength, respond well to this treatment, making them suitable candidates for such stabilization techniques. Fly ash and CKD, in particular, offer environmental and mechanical benefits due to their pozzolanic reactivity and role in reducing the carbon footprint. Lime remains a widely used additive due to its cost-effectiveness and strong chemical interaction with clay minerals. Steel slag contributes pozzolanic and cementitious properties, enhancing strength and volumetric stability. This review highlights the critical role of raw material composition, dosage, and thermal conditions in the success of hydrothermal stabilization, offering a promising pathway for sustainable geotechnical applications.