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<p>Pristine Himalayan freshwater rivers are increasingly impacted by natural and anthropogenic factors, leading to hydrochemical changes, contamination, and reduced water availability under the context of global climate change. Chepe River is one of such rivers that lie in Gandaki Province, Nepal. This study explores the sources and causes of variations in hydrochemistry and water quality of the river and its tributaries, considering land use/land cover changes and anthropogenic influences. Hydrochemical modelling and multivariate statistical analysis were performed using Gibbs, Piper, Durov and Mixing plots, and Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), respectively, for assessing the hydrochemistry-environmental nexus. Additionally, the Water Quality Index (WQI), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Na%, Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI), Cation Ratio of Soil Structural Stability (CROSS) and Wilcox diagram were used to determine the suitability of river water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Results showed that the river water was slightly alkaline, with all parameters within the drinking water quality guidelines. WQI calculations classified all the&#xa0;water samples as excellent and good for drinking purposes. Irrigation analysis classified the water as excellent and safe except MAR, primarily indicated by the low salinity and electrical conductivity (EC) for crops. EC, TDS, TH, Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺, and HCO₃⁻ showed high correlation, indicating the overall carbonate-dominated underlying lithology. The ion chemistry in the river was mainly attributed to carbonate rock weathering, with geogenic nature being the primary factor for variations in physicochemical parameters. The dominant cations were in the order of Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺ &gt; Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺ &gt; Na⁺ &gt; K⁺ &gt; Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ &gt; NH₄⁺, and the anions followed the order of HCO₃⁻ &gt; Cl⁻ &gt; SO₄<sup>2</sup>⁻ &gt; PO₄<sup>3</sup>⁻ &gt; NO₃⁻. This study serves as a milestone for future hydrochemical characterization and water quality management in the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization in the region.</p>

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Hydrochemical modeling and water quality assessment of Chepe River (Nepal): Exploring the water-environment nexus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月26日

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  • Shraddha Ranabhat,
  • Mahesh Prasad Awasthi,
  • Punam Phuyal,
  • Sanjal Khatri,
  • Lal Bahadur Thapa,
  • Ram Kailash Prasad Yadav,
  • Ramesh Raj Pant

摘要

Pristine Himalayan freshwater rivers are increasingly impacted by natural and anthropogenic factors, leading to hydrochemical changes, contamination, and reduced water availability under the context of global climate change. Chepe River is one of such rivers that lie in Gandaki Province, Nepal. This study explores the sources and causes of variations in hydrochemistry and water quality of the river and its tributaries, considering land use/land cover changes and anthropogenic influences. Hydrochemical modelling and multivariate statistical analysis were performed using Gibbs, Piper, Durov and Mixing plots, and Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), respectively, for assessing the hydrochemistry-environmental nexus. Additionally, the Water Quality Index (WQI), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Na%, Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI), Cation Ratio of Soil Structural Stability (CROSS) and Wilcox diagram were used to determine the suitability of river water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Results showed that the river water was slightly alkaline, with all parameters within the drinking water quality guidelines. WQI calculations classified all the water samples as excellent and good for drinking purposes. Irrigation analysis classified the water as excellent and safe except MAR, primarily indicated by the low salinity and electrical conductivity (EC) for crops. EC, TDS, TH, Ca2⁺, and HCO₃⁻ showed high correlation, indicating the overall carbonate-dominated underlying lithology. The ion chemistry in the river was mainly attributed to carbonate rock weathering, with geogenic nature being the primary factor for variations in physicochemical parameters. The dominant cations were in the order of Ca2⁺ > Mg2⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Fe3⁺ > NH₄⁺, and the anions followed the order of HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄2⁻ > PO₄3⁻ > NO₃⁻. This study serves as a milestone for future hydrochemical characterization and water quality management in the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization in the region.