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<p>In México, mining activity has been one of the most important economic activities since the colonization. Methodologies for the extraction of heavy metals (HM) such as amalgamation have shown to generate environmental pollutants and contribute to the release, distribution and bioaccumulation of these in various reservoirs including groundwater and surface water, soil, plants and animals, representing a very significant risk to human health due to the integration of HM into the food chain. In addition, other important contaminants are those produced by the combustion of solid fuels (wood, plastic, garbage, among others), the poor disposal of pharmaceutical products, the use of fertilizers or pesticides; these actions contribute to the release and bioaccumulation of volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds (VOC and SVOC). These contaminants have been linked since past decades to the development of various pathologies such as lung and respiratory diseases, some types of cancer, heart and cardiovascular diseases, attention or learning deficits, among others. Since the 1970, many research groups have demonstrated the presence of these pollutants in different regions of the country and his endemic species, showing the great capacity of distribution and accumulation of the HM and organic compounds in the ecosystem. However, despite the importance of the results showed by these investigations, only a few of them have been carried out to evaluate the effect of the bioaccumulation of pollutants on human health. Recently, some researchers have developed methodologies that propose early biomarkers like mi-RNAs, some proteins (asymmetric dimethyl arginine – ADMA), or metabolites of organic compounds (1-hidroxypyrene) and their relationship and association with some specific pathologies related whit the exposure and metabolism of these pollutants. Although these investigations represent a very important advance to demonstrate human exposure to pollutants, almost none of the aforementioned research has been dedicated to taking intervention measures to provide feedback to the risk populations closets to the contaminated sites and reduce the degree exposure of these communities.</p>

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Historical review of the last 50 years of research on heavy metal pollution in Mexico

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Rivera-Avalos Ernesto,
  • Centeno-Ramírez Harlen

摘要

In México, mining activity has been one of the most important economic activities since the colonization. Methodologies for the extraction of heavy metals (HM) such as amalgamation have shown to generate environmental pollutants and contribute to the release, distribution and bioaccumulation of these in various reservoirs including groundwater and surface water, soil, plants and animals, representing a very significant risk to human health due to the integration of HM into the food chain. In addition, other important contaminants are those produced by the combustion of solid fuels (wood, plastic, garbage, among others), the poor disposal of pharmaceutical products, the use of fertilizers or pesticides; these actions contribute to the release and bioaccumulation of volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds (VOC and SVOC). These contaminants have been linked since past decades to the development of various pathologies such as lung and respiratory diseases, some types of cancer, heart and cardiovascular diseases, attention or learning deficits, among others. Since the 1970, many research groups have demonstrated the presence of these pollutants in different regions of the country and his endemic species, showing the great capacity of distribution and accumulation of the HM and organic compounds in the ecosystem. However, despite the importance of the results showed by these investigations, only a few of them have been carried out to evaluate the effect of the bioaccumulation of pollutants on human health. Recently, some researchers have developed methodologies that propose early biomarkers like mi-RNAs, some proteins (asymmetric dimethyl arginine – ADMA), or metabolites of organic compounds (1-hidroxypyrene) and their relationship and association with some specific pathologies related whit the exposure and metabolism of these pollutants. Although these investigations represent a very important advance to demonstrate human exposure to pollutants, almost none of the aforementioned research has been dedicated to taking intervention measures to provide feedback to the risk populations closets to the contaminated sites and reduce the degree exposure of these communities.