<p>Researchers are now attempting to integrate bio-approaches into geological and geotechnical engineering due to the rapid advancement of bio-engineering techniques in recent years. The application of microbiological activity to enhance the engineering properties of soils or rock is known as bio-cementation, a recently established branch of geotechnical engineering. Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is one of the most widely used techniques for achieving soil bio-cementation. The MICP approach has been used to address a variety of geological hazard and geotechnical issues, from soil erosion to liquefaction protection and landslide risk reduction. This technique utilizes the metabolic pathways of bacteria to form calcite (CaCO₃) that binds the soil particles together, leading to increased soil strength and stiffness. This review paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the complex interactions within the MICP process, focusing on the coupling of Thermal, Hydraulic, Mechanical, Chemical, and Biological (THMCB) factors under engineering geological conditions. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and limitations of MICP applications, including scaling issues and the need for optimization strategies. This work provides vital insights for researchers, engineers, and practitioners aiming to exploit the potential of this eco-friendly technology across multiple sectors by elucidating the THMCB coupling in MICP.</p>