Water resources sustainability through evaluation of hydrogeological conditions using D–Z parameters in Saraswati Nagar block of district Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India

Groundwater is vital for meeting water demands in India, especially for agriculture, but faces stress from industrialization, urbanization, and climate change. Sustainable management, including understanding aquifers and recharge zones like palaeochannels, is essential to ensure long-term groundwater availability. The present research explored the applications of surface geophysical Dar-Zarrouk (D–Z) parameters, estimated from Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys conducted at seventeen locations, to assess hydrogeological conditions and correlate the findings with the identified palaeochannels within the alluvial area of Saraswati Nagar block of district Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India. Further, as the study area is occupied with fresh groundwater, the estimated D–Z parameters including Transverse Resistance \((T)\) $(T)$ and Longitudinal Conductance \((S)\) $(S)$ values should be relatively on the higher side in comparison to the saline groundwater-occupied areas. In the study area, \(S\) $S$ values vary between 0.2025 (Sahabpur) and 2.49 (Talakaur) mho with an average value of 0.9364 mho, and \(T\) $T$ values vary between 922.96 (Bhamboli) and 5505 (Kabulpur) Ωm² with an average value of 3000.75 Ωm² respectively. The results of the electrical resistivity survey have been used for estimating the hydraulic conductivity \((K)\) $(K)$ and transmissivity \((t)\) $(t)$ . Hydraulic parameters such as hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity are pivotal in evaluating and controlling groundwater resources. The findings highlight the valuable insights gained for groundwater resource management. This type of study has not been attempted before by any researcher in this regions hence, it will greatly help in understanding the groundwater regime in the area.