Model and criteria for slope monitoring and early warning in open-pit mines using ground-based real aperture radar

Landslides are highly destructive geological disasters, often preceded by changes in surface displacement. This study explores the effectiveness of real aperture radar (RAR) in landslide monitoring and early warning. Using the three-stage creep theory, the short-term simple moving average velocity (SMA) and long-term simple moving average velocity (LMA) were used to determine the end point of the constant displacement stage, while the hypothesis test method was used to confirm its starting point. Based on these points, the average velocity was calculated. A five-level warning model and criteria were established by integrating acceleration, velocity change, and tangent angle. Three landslide cases in Northeast China were analyzed to evaluate the dynamic application of this model. The results indicate that: (1) RAR effectively identifies abnormal displacement region; (2) Successful warnings in the three cases validate the effectiveness of the warning model and criteria; (3) The five-level warning model and criteria of RAR demonstrate strong application potential in the dynamic monitoring and early warning of landslide disasters.