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Background <p>Finite element analysis (FEA) is increasingly used to study biomechanical behaviour of the craniofacial skeleton under traumatic loading conditions. However, detailed visualization of stress transmission pathways during lateral impact remains limited.</p> Objective <p>To develop a high-fidelity three-dimensional finite element model of an intact adult human skull and visualise the transmission of lateral forces across the craniofacial skeleton.</p> Methods <p>A CT-derived skull model was reconstructed using DICOM data and processed in 3D Slicer and Hypermesh to generate a discretised finite element model. Validated material properties were assigned, and explicit dynamic analysis was performed in ABAQUS/LS-DYNA. Lateral impact loading was simulated against a rigid surface at defined velocities, and von Mises stress distribution and propagation pathways were evaluated.Results: Maximum stress concentrations were observed at the impact site with propagation across adjacent craniofacial structures, particularly the nasoethmoidal region, orbital walls, and cranial vault. Stress transmission extended beyond the point of impact, highlighting anatomically vulnerable regions under lateral loading conditions.</p> Conclusion <p>The finite element model effectively visualised stress transmission patterns within the craniofacial skeleton during lateral impact. FEA serves as a reproducible and non-invasive tool for analysing craniofacial biomechanics and provides clinically relevant insights for maxillofacial trauma assessment and protective strategy planning.</p>

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Visualisation of Transmission of Lateral Forces Across the Craniofacial Skeleton: A FEM Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • E. S. Shobha,
  • M. D. Anagha,
  • H. P. Raghuveer,
  • Suresh nagesh

摘要

Background

Finite element analysis (FEA) is increasingly used to study biomechanical behaviour of the craniofacial skeleton under traumatic loading conditions. However, detailed visualization of stress transmission pathways during lateral impact remains limited.

Objective

To develop a high-fidelity three-dimensional finite element model of an intact adult human skull and visualise the transmission of lateral forces across the craniofacial skeleton.

Methods

A CT-derived skull model was reconstructed using DICOM data and processed in 3D Slicer and Hypermesh to generate a discretised finite element model. Validated material properties were assigned, and explicit dynamic analysis was performed in ABAQUS/LS-DYNA. Lateral impact loading was simulated against a rigid surface at defined velocities, and von Mises stress distribution and propagation pathways were evaluated.Results: Maximum stress concentrations were observed at the impact site with propagation across adjacent craniofacial structures, particularly the nasoethmoidal region, orbital walls, and cranial vault. Stress transmission extended beyond the point of impact, highlighting anatomically vulnerable regions under lateral loading conditions.

Conclusion

The finite element model effectively visualised stress transmission patterns within the craniofacial skeleton during lateral impact. FEA serves as a reproducible and non-invasive tool for analysing craniofacial biomechanics and provides clinically relevant insights for maxillofacial trauma assessment and protective strategy planning.