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Introduction <p>Cephalometric analysis is a standardized and reproducible form of skull radiography used for diagnosis of skeletal and dental problems and a tool for simulating surgery in orthognathic surgery.</p> Aim <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of craniometrics measurements on 2D digital lateral cephalogram, CBCT half and full skull and 3D printed model.</p> Materials and Methodology <p>A lateral cephalogram, CBCT scan and a customized 3D model were done for sixteen patients with aesthetically pleasing profiles. A total of 28 cephalometric landmarks (22 linear and 6 angular) were identified and traced by three separate observers on 2D and 3D imaging modalities to compare the values and assess the interobserver reliability.</p> Results <p>Out of 28 measurements, the mean value of 8 linear measurements were higher in 3D model and showed statistically significant differences when compared to lateral cephalogram, CBCT half and full skull. The overall intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the 3D model was superior compared to the other three modalities.</p> Conclusion <p>The authors observed that the 3D model was most reliable in providing accurate measurements on curved surfaces as the landmarks were located precisely, with less ambiguity between the observers. The finding of this study will favour for better diagnosis of orthodontic and orthognathic surgery. However, the authors recommend the need for specific algorithms and landmarks for the transition from 2 to 3D cephalometric analysis that would be more beneficial in orthognathic surgical treatment planning.</p>

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Assessment of Reproducibility and Reliability of Craniometric Measurements by Using 2D Analysis, CBCT, and 3D-Printed Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月6日

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  • Dimple Jain,
  • Chitra Chakravarthy,
  • Ravi S. Patil,
  • Aaron Karthik,
  • V. Chethan Babu

摘要

Introduction

Cephalometric analysis is a standardized and reproducible form of skull radiography used for diagnosis of skeletal and dental problems and a tool for simulating surgery in orthognathic surgery.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of craniometrics measurements on 2D digital lateral cephalogram, CBCT half and full skull and 3D printed model.

Materials and Methodology

A lateral cephalogram, CBCT scan and a customized 3D model were done for sixteen patients with aesthetically pleasing profiles. A total of 28 cephalometric landmarks (22 linear and 6 angular) were identified and traced by three separate observers on 2D and 3D imaging modalities to compare the values and assess the interobserver reliability.

Results

Out of 28 measurements, the mean value of 8 linear measurements were higher in 3D model and showed statistically significant differences when compared to lateral cephalogram, CBCT half and full skull. The overall intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the 3D model was superior compared to the other three modalities.

Conclusion

The authors observed that the 3D model was most reliable in providing accurate measurements on curved surfaces as the landmarks were located precisely, with less ambiguity between the observers. The finding of this study will favour for better diagnosis of orthodontic and orthognathic surgery. However, the authors recommend the need for specific algorithms and landmarks for the transition from 2 to 3D cephalometric analysis that would be more beneficial in orthognathic surgical treatment planning.