Copper Nanoparticles—Potential for Cancer Therapy

Copper is essential for human tissue structure and metabolism, but excessive intake or accumulation can cause damage to cells. It is a necessary micronutrient for overall well-being. Organic ligands’ anticancer activity is enhanced when coordinated with copper ions. Copper and its compounds induce tumor cell death through apoptosis, angiogenesis inhibition, cuproptosis, and paraptosis.

Copper nanoparticles have shown potential in various therapies, including chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, hyperthermia, and immunotherapy. They are also being investigated for their dual diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Copper-containing nanoparticles have antimicrobial properties and can be used in dentistry to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms. This article explores the mechanism, cytotoxic effect, and application of copper nanoparticles in head neck cancer.

Tumor cells require more copper for metabolism, and a decrease or overload can harm them. Copper-based nanomaterials offer potential for tumor therapy, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Clinical trials may face limitations due to potential tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis.