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<p>Accurate numerical prediction of subcooled boiling flows remains challenging due to the complex interaction between phase change, interfacial transport, and turbulence. This study presents a conjugate fluid–solid phase-change solver for the simulation of subcooled boiling flow. The solver couples heat conduction in the solid region with phase change in the fluid domain using a volume-of-fluid (VOF)-based formulation. The <i>α</i>-transport equation is solved using both fully explicit and semi-implicit MULES formulations. The solver is first validated against classical Stefan problems to verify interface propagation. Subsequently, vertical subcooled boiling flow under two operating conditions is simulated and compared with experimental data and ANSYS Fluent predictions. The model accurately captures key boiling characteristics, including the onset of nucleate boiling, transition to two-phase flow, and axial wall temperature evolution. The vapor volume fraction is reasonably predicted, although deviations in magnitude are observed under certain conditions. Performance analysis shows that for Stefan problems, the semi-implicit formulation significantly reduces computational time, particularly at higher Courant numbers. For conjugate subcooled boiling simulations, a moderate improvement in computational efficiency of approximately 5–14% is observed depending on operating conditions, while maintaining stable and bounded solutions at Courant numbers up to 1.2. Overall, the developed solver provides a robust and computationally efficient approach for simulating subcooled boiling flows.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Development and validation of a conjugate heat transfer model with phase change for subcooled boiling flow

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Quang-Hat Cao,
  • Shehnaz Akhtar,
  • Kyoungsik Chang,
  • Sang-Wook Lee

摘要

Accurate numerical prediction of subcooled boiling flows remains challenging due to the complex interaction between phase change, interfacial transport, and turbulence. This study presents a conjugate fluid–solid phase-change solver for the simulation of subcooled boiling flow. The solver couples heat conduction in the solid region with phase change in the fluid domain using a volume-of-fluid (VOF)-based formulation. The α-transport equation is solved using both fully explicit and semi-implicit MULES formulations. The solver is first validated against classical Stefan problems to verify interface propagation. Subsequently, vertical subcooled boiling flow under two operating conditions is simulated and compared with experimental data and ANSYS Fluent predictions. The model accurately captures key boiling characteristics, including the onset of nucleate boiling, transition to two-phase flow, and axial wall temperature evolution. The vapor volume fraction is reasonably predicted, although deviations in magnitude are observed under certain conditions. Performance analysis shows that for Stefan problems, the semi-implicit formulation significantly reduces computational time, particularly at higher Courant numbers. For conjugate subcooled boiling simulations, a moderate improvement in computational efficiency of approximately 5–14% is observed depending on operating conditions, while maintaining stable and bounded solutions at Courant numbers up to 1.2. Overall, the developed solver provides a robust and computationally efficient approach for simulating subcooled boiling flows.

Graphical abstract