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<p>To investigate the seepage behavior in fractured rock masses, a visualized seepage device was developed. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to quantitatively measure fluid velocity within the fractures. The morphological characteristics of the fracture surfaces were captured using a 3D hand-held scanner, and the fractal dimensions were calculated via a self-programmed algorithm to quantify surface roughness. Six test cases were designed, with subgroup experiments conducted under varying conditions of hydraulic gradient, fracture aperture, and surface roughness. The experiments aimed to elucidate the non-linear flow behavior at high hydraulic gradients. Empirical relationships among these parameters were established, and a linear function based on fractal dimension was proposed to modify the average seepage velocity in fractures with different roughness levels. Results indicated that higher hydraulic gradients and wider fracture apertures corresponded to higher average velocities and Reynolds numbers. Additionally, the average seepage velocity decreased with increasing fractal dimension. These findings enhance our understanding of seepage dynamics in rough-walled rock fractures and provide a basis for refining seepage velocity models incorporating fracture roughness.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Experimental investigation and modification of non-linear flow laws at high velocity through rough-walled rock fractures using PIV visualization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月20日

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  • Minglei Ma,
  • Xu Dai,
  • Ming Sun,
  • Wu Jianqiu,
  • Yuanhao Wu,
  • Zhuomin Li,
  • Ao Ma

摘要

To investigate the seepage behavior in fractured rock masses, a visualized seepage device was developed. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to quantitatively measure fluid velocity within the fractures. The morphological characteristics of the fracture surfaces were captured using a 3D hand-held scanner, and the fractal dimensions were calculated via a self-programmed algorithm to quantify surface roughness. Six test cases were designed, with subgroup experiments conducted under varying conditions of hydraulic gradient, fracture aperture, and surface roughness. The experiments aimed to elucidate the non-linear flow behavior at high hydraulic gradients. Empirical relationships among these parameters were established, and a linear function based on fractal dimension was proposed to modify the average seepage velocity in fractures with different roughness levels. Results indicated that higher hydraulic gradients and wider fracture apertures corresponded to higher average velocities and Reynolds numbers. Additionally, the average seepage velocity decreased with increasing fractal dimension. These findings enhance our understanding of seepage dynamics in rough-walled rock fractures and provide a basis for refining seepage velocity models incorporating fracture roughness.

Graphical abstract