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Purpose <p>Phosphorus (P) recycling is critical to secure global P supply and food security. Although acidification with sulfuric acid (SA) effectively increases water-extractable P (WEP) and phytoavailability of P in raw biowastes, its use is constrained by handling, safety and policy concerns. Alternatively, bioacidification through lactic acid fermentation has been proposed but showed variable efficiency. Combining feedstock bioacidification with strategic fertilizer placement may help improve the agronomic value of biowaste.</p> Methods <p>We produced SA-acidified and bioacidified (BA) fertilizers from biogas digestate solid fraction (DSF), DSF-derived biochar (BC) and bone meal (BM), and assessed their effects on WEP. The produced fertilizers were evaluated using maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.), grown for 42 days in a climate chamber in columns containing a low-P sandy loam. Fertilizers were applied either mixed or placed at a rate of 60&#xa0;mg P kg⁻<sup>1</sup> soil, alongside triple superphosphate (TSP) and a nil-P control. We hypothesized that BA would increase WEP in biowaste and effectively supply P to maize, and that fertilizer placement would increase maize biomass and P uptake compared to mixed applications.</p> Results <p>Bioacidification increased the WEP of the raw materials from + 11% (BM) to + 36% (BC) compared to the untreated feedstocks, significantly less than SA treatment (up to + 56% for BC). Fertilizer type and application method significantly affected maize growth, with placed SA DSF producing comparable biomass (8.68 ± 1.90&#xa0;g pot<sup>− 1</sup>) and higher P uptake (10.8 ± 1.24&#xa0;mg pot<sup>− 1</sup>) than TSP (6.38 ± 2.80&#xa0;g and 7.54 ± 1.34&#xa0;mg pot<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively).</p> Conclusion <p>The lower increase in WEP and the possible presence of inhibitory by-products may have contributed to the lower fertilizer value of the bioacidified products for maize. Future studies should focus on optimizing bioacidification protocols for improved fertilizer performance and characterization of fermentation by-products.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Waste (Bio)acidification and Placement Strategies for Phosphorus Recycling in Maize

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Henrique Rasera Raniro,
  • Jakob Magid,
  • Dorette S. Müller-Stöver

摘要

Purpose

Phosphorus (P) recycling is critical to secure global P supply and food security. Although acidification with sulfuric acid (SA) effectively increases water-extractable P (WEP) and phytoavailability of P in raw biowastes, its use is constrained by handling, safety and policy concerns. Alternatively, bioacidification through lactic acid fermentation has been proposed but showed variable efficiency. Combining feedstock bioacidification with strategic fertilizer placement may help improve the agronomic value of biowaste.

Methods

We produced SA-acidified and bioacidified (BA) fertilizers from biogas digestate solid fraction (DSF), DSF-derived biochar (BC) and bone meal (BM), and assessed their effects on WEP. The produced fertilizers were evaluated using maize (Zea mays L.), grown for 42 days in a climate chamber in columns containing a low-P sandy loam. Fertilizers were applied either mixed or placed at a rate of 60 mg P kg⁻1 soil, alongside triple superphosphate (TSP) and a nil-P control. We hypothesized that BA would increase WEP in biowaste and effectively supply P to maize, and that fertilizer placement would increase maize biomass and P uptake compared to mixed applications.

Results

Bioacidification increased the WEP of the raw materials from + 11% (BM) to + 36% (BC) compared to the untreated feedstocks, significantly less than SA treatment (up to + 56% for BC). Fertilizer type and application method significantly affected maize growth, with placed SA DSF producing comparable biomass (8.68 ± 1.90 g pot− 1) and higher P uptake (10.8 ± 1.24 mg pot− 1) than TSP (6.38 ± 2.80 g and 7.54 ± 1.34 mg pot− 1, respectively).

Conclusion

The lower increase in WEP and the possible presence of inhibitory by-products may have contributed to the lower fertilizer value of the bioacidified products for maize. Future studies should focus on optimizing bioacidification protocols for improved fertilizer performance and characterization of fermentation by-products.

Graphical Abstract