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<p>Biodiesel, as a renewable energy source, has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this study, apple seed oil was introduced as a novel biodiesel feedstock. It was converted into biodiesel via a two-step transesterification process. The optimized process parameters (methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst addition of 0.8%, reaction temperature of 50&#xa0;°C, and reaction time of 40&#xa0;min) achieved a biodiesel yield of 97.05%. GC–MS, FTIR, and DSC analyses confirmed the successful conversion of triglycerides in apple seed oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Subsequently, the study utilized apple peel bio-adsorbent (APB) to purify the crude biodiesel, with loadings ranging from 1&#xa0;wt% to 4&#xa0;wt%, comparing its performance to commercial silica gel and traditional water washing. The structure and surface properties of APB were characterized using various techniques, including BET, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. At a loading of 4 wt%, APB demonstrated excellent effectiveness in removing impurities from biodiesel, with removal rates of 64%, 45%, 86%, 33%, and 41% for water, free fatty acids, methanol, total glycerol, and free glycerol, respectively. Ultimately, all impurities were removed to levels that met the standard limits. Finally, the performance of the apple seed oil biodiesel was compared against the EN14214 standard, showing compliance in terms of combustion properties and quality. Therefore, apple seed oil proves to be a promising novel feedstock for biodiesel production, and APB is a potential green alternative for biodiesel purification.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Production of Crude Biodiesel by Transesterification and its Purification with Bio-Adsorbent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Lu Wang,
  • Yan Wang,
  • Hanyue Wang,
  • Jianhua Fan,
  • Jinshi Chen,
  • Zhiwu Han

摘要

Biodiesel, as a renewable energy source, has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this study, apple seed oil was introduced as a novel biodiesel feedstock. It was converted into biodiesel via a two-step transesterification process. The optimized process parameters (methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst addition of 0.8%, reaction temperature of 50 °C, and reaction time of 40 min) achieved a biodiesel yield of 97.05%. GC–MS, FTIR, and DSC analyses confirmed the successful conversion of triglycerides in apple seed oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Subsequently, the study utilized apple peel bio-adsorbent (APB) to purify the crude biodiesel, with loadings ranging from 1 wt% to 4 wt%, comparing its performance to commercial silica gel and traditional water washing. The structure and surface properties of APB were characterized using various techniques, including BET, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. At a loading of 4 wt%, APB demonstrated excellent effectiveness in removing impurities from biodiesel, with removal rates of 64%, 45%, 86%, 33%, and 41% for water, free fatty acids, methanol, total glycerol, and free glycerol, respectively. Ultimately, all impurities were removed to levels that met the standard limits. Finally, the performance of the apple seed oil biodiesel was compared against the EN14214 standard, showing compliance in terms of combustion properties and quality. Therefore, apple seed oil proves to be a promising novel feedstock for biodiesel production, and APB is a potential green alternative for biodiesel purification.

Graphical Abstract