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<p>The synthesis of biodiesel from oil containing a high amount of free fatty acids requires both acid and base catalysts. These catalysts can be prepared by utilizing waste resources. An acid catalyst (J450) is prepared from jarosite, an industrial waste residue, by calcining the residue at 450&#xa0;°C for 2&#xa0;h. Chemical and structural characterization of the synthesized acid catalyst confirmed the presence of ferric sulfate in it. The catalyst was effective in the esterification of oleic acid (OA) and methanol at 45&#xa0;°C, 55&#xa0;°C, and 65&#xa0;°C with a methyl ester yield of 67%, 70%, and 75%, respectively, in 1&#xa0;h. A solid mixture of the J450 and calcium diglyceroxide (CaD) catalysts is further studied for biodiesel synthesis from sunflower oil spiked with 5 wt% OA, a surrogate feed representing waste cooking oil. A maximum methyl ester yield (&gt; 99%), with minimal soap formation from the OA, is obtained at 65&#xa0;°C using a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 300&#xa0;rpm mixing rate within 1&#xa0;h.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Jarosite and Calcium Diglyceroxide Catalyst Mixture for Biodiesel Synthesis from Refined Oil Spiked with Oleic Acid

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Vishnulal K. S.,
  • Venkatasailanathan Ramadesigan,
  • Srinivas Seethamraju

摘要

The synthesis of biodiesel from oil containing a high amount of free fatty acids requires both acid and base catalysts. These catalysts can be prepared by utilizing waste resources. An acid catalyst (J450) is prepared from jarosite, an industrial waste residue, by calcining the residue at 450 °C for 2 h. Chemical and structural characterization of the synthesized acid catalyst confirmed the presence of ferric sulfate in it. The catalyst was effective in the esterification of oleic acid (OA) and methanol at 45 °C, 55 °C, and 65 °C with a methyl ester yield of 67%, 70%, and 75%, respectively, in 1 h. A solid mixture of the J450 and calcium diglyceroxide (CaD) catalysts is further studied for biodiesel synthesis from sunflower oil spiked with 5 wt% OA, a surrogate feed representing waste cooking oil. A maximum methyl ester yield (> 99%), with minimal soap formation from the OA, is obtained at 65 °C using a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 300 rpm mixing rate within 1 h.

Graphical Abstract