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Purpose <p>This study aims to determine the characteristics of chitosan and its derivative product, glucosamine, derived from fish scales as by-products of gelatin production.</p> Methods <p>The methods included the characterization of gelatin by-product fish scales, chitosan extraction, glucosamine extraction, and their subsequent characterization. The parameters analyzed comprised chemical composition, heavy metal content, calcium content, FTIR, SDS-PAGE, LoD &amp; LoI, and viscosity.</p> Results <p>The results showed that tilapia fish scales contained high levels of protein (65.21%), ash (33.73%), and calcium (12,962.09&#xa0;mg/100&#xa0;g), confirming their potential as a raw material for chitosan production. Gelatin-extracted fish scale residues retained substantial amounts of protein and mineral content, supporting their further utilization in downstream processing. The extracted chitosan was successfully converted into glucosamine, as confirmed by FTIR analysis through the presence of characteristic functional groups. Heavy metal analysis indicated the absence of detectable arsenic, mercury, and cadmium, with lead levels remaining below the permissible limit. Chitosan exhibited notable free radical scavenging activity (64.93% at 40&#xa0;ppm), while glucosamine showed lower antioxidant activity (23.08% at the same concentration). The viscosity, loss on drying (LoD), and loss on ignition (LoI) results highlighted the current physicochemical characteristics of the products and indicated the need for further process optimization to improve purity and functional performance.</p> Conclusion <p>This study demonstrates that tilapia fish scales, including gelatin-extracted residues, represent a promising alternative raw material for the production of chitosan and glucosamine. The chemical composition and structural characterization confirmed the successful conversion of fish scale waste into chitosan and its derivative glucosamine, while heavy metal analysis indicated acceptable safety levels. The antioxidant activity further supports the functional potential of the obtained products. However, the physicochemical properties, particularly ash content, loss on drying, and loss on ignition, indicate that the products obtained in this study should be considered technical-grade materials. Therefore, further optimization of demineralization and purification processes is required to improve product quality for applications requiring higher purity. Overall, this work highlights the technical feasibility of valorizing gelatin-extracted fish scale waste and supports the zero-waste concept in the fisheries industry.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Valorization of Fish Scale Gelatin Waste for Sustainable Chitosan and Glucosamine Production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Mala Nurilmala,
  • Agoes Mardiono Jacoeb,
  • Bustami Ibrahim,
  • Rizsa Mustika Pertiwi,
  • Novi Herdiyanti Hamidah,
  • Fadiyah Hanifaturahmah,
  • Vania Mahardika

摘要

Purpose

This study aims to determine the characteristics of chitosan and its derivative product, glucosamine, derived from fish scales as by-products of gelatin production.

Methods

The methods included the characterization of gelatin by-product fish scales, chitosan extraction, glucosamine extraction, and their subsequent characterization. The parameters analyzed comprised chemical composition, heavy metal content, calcium content, FTIR, SDS-PAGE, LoD & LoI, and viscosity.

Results

The results showed that tilapia fish scales contained high levels of protein (65.21%), ash (33.73%), and calcium (12,962.09 mg/100 g), confirming their potential as a raw material for chitosan production. Gelatin-extracted fish scale residues retained substantial amounts of protein and mineral content, supporting their further utilization in downstream processing. The extracted chitosan was successfully converted into glucosamine, as confirmed by FTIR analysis through the presence of characteristic functional groups. Heavy metal analysis indicated the absence of detectable arsenic, mercury, and cadmium, with lead levels remaining below the permissible limit. Chitosan exhibited notable free radical scavenging activity (64.93% at 40 ppm), while glucosamine showed lower antioxidant activity (23.08% at the same concentration). The viscosity, loss on drying (LoD), and loss on ignition (LoI) results highlighted the current physicochemical characteristics of the products and indicated the need for further process optimization to improve purity and functional performance.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that tilapia fish scales, including gelatin-extracted residues, represent a promising alternative raw material for the production of chitosan and glucosamine. The chemical composition and structural characterization confirmed the successful conversion of fish scale waste into chitosan and its derivative glucosamine, while heavy metal analysis indicated acceptable safety levels. The antioxidant activity further supports the functional potential of the obtained products. However, the physicochemical properties, particularly ash content, loss on drying, and loss on ignition, indicate that the products obtained in this study should be considered technical-grade materials. Therefore, further optimization of demineralization and purification processes is required to improve product quality for applications requiring higher purity. Overall, this work highlights the technical feasibility of valorizing gelatin-extracted fish scale waste and supports the zero-waste concept in the fisheries industry.

Graphical Abstract