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<p>As green cementitious materials, solid waste-based geopolymers have been attracting considerable attention due to their drastically reduced carbon emissions and energy consumption, as well as the utilization of abundant industrial waste as raw materials. In this study, high-performance geopolymer composites were prepared from marble sludge and fly ash, with multidimensional fillers (boehmite sol (BS), aluminum silicate fiber (AF), graphene oxide (GO)). The phase composition, pore structure, gel formation, and microstructure were characterized using X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The combined effects of BS, AF, and GO on apparent density, compressive strength, and efflorescence resistance were systematically investigated, elucidating their underlying reinforcement and mitigation mechanisms. The strengthening efficiency of geopolymers with different fillers follows the descending order: GO &gt; AF &gt; BS. Multidimensional fillers effectively densify the matrix by pore filling, suppress microcrack initiation/propagation, accelerate gel formation, and bridge/deflect cracks. These mechanisms critically enhance compressive strength and efflorescence resistance. The optimal filler system (0.8% BS + 0.8% AF + 0.1% GO) achieves a strengthening effect, yielding a composite with 48.3&#xa0;MPa compressive strength. After 48h submerged efflorescence testing, this composite exhibit exceptional durability, showing only 5.3% mass loss and 14.1% strength degradation. Pore surface fractal dimension analysis further correlates microstructural refinement induced by fillers with improved mechanical performance and efflorescence resistance. These high-performance geopolymer composites exhibit considerable potential for construction applications such as paving stones and embankment blocks.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Strengthening and Efflorescence Mitigation in Marble Sludge-Based Geopolymer Composites via Multidimensional Fillers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Jinshan Lu,
  • Hongzhi Liu,
  • Jiahe Wang

摘要

As green cementitious materials, solid waste-based geopolymers have been attracting considerable attention due to their drastically reduced carbon emissions and energy consumption, as well as the utilization of abundant industrial waste as raw materials. In this study, high-performance geopolymer composites were prepared from marble sludge and fly ash, with multidimensional fillers (boehmite sol (BS), aluminum silicate fiber (AF), graphene oxide (GO)). The phase composition, pore structure, gel formation, and microstructure were characterized using X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The combined effects of BS, AF, and GO on apparent density, compressive strength, and efflorescence resistance were systematically investigated, elucidating their underlying reinforcement and mitigation mechanisms. The strengthening efficiency of geopolymers with different fillers follows the descending order: GO > AF > BS. Multidimensional fillers effectively densify the matrix by pore filling, suppress microcrack initiation/propagation, accelerate gel formation, and bridge/deflect cracks. These mechanisms critically enhance compressive strength and efflorescence resistance. The optimal filler system (0.8% BS + 0.8% AF + 0.1% GO) achieves a strengthening effect, yielding a composite with 48.3 MPa compressive strength. After 48h submerged efflorescence testing, this composite exhibit exceptional durability, showing only 5.3% mass loss and 14.1% strength degradation. Pore surface fractal dimension analysis further correlates microstructural refinement induced by fillers with improved mechanical performance and efflorescence resistance. These high-performance geopolymer composites exhibit considerable potential for construction applications such as paving stones and embankment blocks.

Graphical Abstract