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<p>The pursuit of circular bioprocessing has positioned edible mushrooms as multifunctional bioresources for pharmaceutical and environmental innovations. This study introduces <i>Macrocybe gigantea</i> as sustainable biorefinery model, presenting a dual-stream biovalorization approach through the extraction of immunomodulatory polysaccharides and the valorization of post-extraction residues for dye remediation, a dual utility not previously reported in existing literatures. Three crude polysaccharide fractions—hot water (HWP), cold alkali (CAP), and hot alkali (HAP) were extracted and evaluated for their immunomodulatory effects. Among these, HWP exhibited the highest stimulation potential onto murine macrophage cells with respect to phagocytosis, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and IL-6 production. Mechanistically, the upregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling genes confirmed receptor-mediated immunostimulation. Post-extraction residues, often considered waste, were repurposed as biosorbents for azo dyes. Characterization revealed porous surfaces and functional groups such as –OH, –COOH, and –NH<sub>2</sub>contributing to strong adsorption behavior to congo red (q<sub>max</sub> = 422.2 mg/g) and methylene blue (q<sub>max</sub> = 153.36 mg/g), with Langmuir isotherm fitting. Further, FTIR shifts upon adsorption also supported active site participation. The study uniquely links immunopotentiation and pollutant adsorption through a common molecular scaffold, offering a sustainable, zero-waste utilization model for fungal biomass. This integrated strategy positions <i>M. gigantea</i> as a novel resource for circular bioprocessing in both health and environmental sectors.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A Novel Dual-Stream Biorefinery Approach for Macrocybe gigantea: From Immunopotentiating Polysaccharides to Adsorptive Residues

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Sandipta Dey,
  • Khushi Mukherjee,
  • Monika Choudhary,
  • Krishnendu Acharya

摘要

The pursuit of circular bioprocessing has positioned edible mushrooms as multifunctional bioresources for pharmaceutical and environmental innovations. This study introduces Macrocybe gigantea as sustainable biorefinery model, presenting a dual-stream biovalorization approach through the extraction of immunomodulatory polysaccharides and the valorization of post-extraction residues for dye remediation, a dual utility not previously reported in existing literatures. Three crude polysaccharide fractions—hot water (HWP), cold alkali (CAP), and hot alkali (HAP) were extracted and evaluated for their immunomodulatory effects. Among these, HWP exhibited the highest stimulation potential onto murine macrophage cells with respect to phagocytosis, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species and IL-6 production. Mechanistically, the upregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling genes confirmed receptor-mediated immunostimulation. Post-extraction residues, often considered waste, were repurposed as biosorbents for azo dyes. Characterization revealed porous surfaces and functional groups such as –OH, –COOH, and –NH2contributing to strong adsorption behavior to congo red (qmax = 422.2 mg/g) and methylene blue (qmax = 153.36 mg/g), with Langmuir isotherm fitting. Further, FTIR shifts upon adsorption also supported active site participation. The study uniquely links immunopotentiation and pollutant adsorption through a common molecular scaffold, offering a sustainable, zero-waste utilization model for fungal biomass. This integrated strategy positions M. gigantea as a novel resource for circular bioprocessing in both health and environmental sectors.

Graphical Abstract