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Purpose <p>This study aims to develop and optimize a simple valorization route for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), an agro-industrialresidue rich in phenolic compounds, by assessing its potential as a bio-based protective coating for mildsteel. The research addresses whether unmodified CNSL, applied without solvents or additives, canprovide corrosion protection comparable to synthetic coatings while promoting circular economy principles.</p> Methods <p> Mechanically extracted CNSL was applied directly onto mild steel substrates and thermallypolymerized under different curing conditions (260–300 °C, 30–60 min). The coatings werecharacterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)to evaluate crosslinking and thermal stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarizationtests were used to assess corrosion resistance, while tribocorrosion performance was evaluated inacidic (HCl) and saline (NaCl) environments.</p> Results <p>The optimal curing condition was found at 280 °C for 60min, yielding coatings with strong adhesion and stable polymeric networks. The optimized filmexhibited high corrosion resistance with a maximum impedance of 6.9 × 10⁵ Ω and a corrosion currentdensity of 2.0 × 10⁻⁸ A cm⁻², corresponding to several orders of magnitude improvement over baresteel. The coating maintained structural integrity and protective behavior under tribocorrosive conditions.</p> Conclusion <p> Unmodified CNSL can be effectively converted into high-performance protective coatingsthrough simple thermal curing. This additive-free, low-cost process offers a sustainable valorizationpathway for agro-industrial waste, contributing to environmentally friendly corrosion protection technologies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Agro-Industrial Valorization of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid as a Bio-Based Coating for Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • C. A. Pino,
  • J. Esguerra-Arce,
  • V. Amigó,
  • E. Klyatskina,
  • C. Ayala-Garcia,
  • O. Alvarez,
  • A. Maranon,
  • A. Porras,
  • C. Hernandez,
  • A. Bermudez-Castañeda

摘要

Purpose

This study aims to develop and optimize a simple valorization route for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL), an agro-industrialresidue rich in phenolic compounds, by assessing its potential as a bio-based protective coating for mildsteel. The research addresses whether unmodified CNSL, applied without solvents or additives, canprovide corrosion protection comparable to synthetic coatings while promoting circular economy principles.

Methods

Mechanically extracted CNSL was applied directly onto mild steel substrates and thermallypolymerized under different curing conditions (260–300 °C, 30–60 min). The coatings werecharacterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)to evaluate crosslinking and thermal stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarizationtests were used to assess corrosion resistance, while tribocorrosion performance was evaluated inacidic (HCl) and saline (NaCl) environments.

Results

The optimal curing condition was found at 280 °C for 60min, yielding coatings with strong adhesion and stable polymeric networks. The optimized filmexhibited high corrosion resistance with a maximum impedance of 6.9 × 10⁵ Ω and a corrosion currentdensity of 2.0 × 10⁻⁸ A cm⁻², corresponding to several orders of magnitude improvement over baresteel. The coating maintained structural integrity and protective behavior under tribocorrosive conditions.

Conclusion

Unmodified CNSL can be effectively converted into high-performance protective coatingsthrough simple thermal curing. This additive-free, low-cost process offers a sustainable valorizationpathway for agro-industrial waste, contributing to environmentally friendly corrosion protection technologies.

Graphical Abstract