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<p>The palm oil industry generates vast quantities of empty fruit bunches (EFB), a lignocellulosic residue that poses environmental challenges due to its resistance to microbial degradation. In this study, we investigated the valorization of EFB as a substrate for Black Soldier Fly (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) larvae cultivation, aiming to transform agro-industrial waste into high-value protein suitable for animal feed. EFB was combined with palm kernel meal, expired milk, coconut pulp, and commercial poultry feed to formulate eight substrate treatments. Larvae were reared for 18&#xa0;days, and growth performance was evaluated through length and weight measurements, while the nutritional composition of dried larvae was determined via proximate analysis (protein, fat, fiber, ash, moisture, carbohydrate, calcium, and phosphorus). Among the tested formulations, EFB + coconut pulp + nutrient (ECN) supported the highest larval growth (2.50&#xa0;cm, 0.167&#xa0;g), while palm kernel meal + coconut pulp + nutrient (PCN) produced larvae with the highest protein content (40.21%). Fat accumulation was maximized in palm kernel meal + expired milk (PE), reaching 27.54%. An 18-day harvest was identified as optimal, yielding larvae with balanced physical and nutritional characteristics that comply with international feed standards. These results demonstrate the feasibility of converting palm oil residues into sustainable insect-based protein sources, contributing to circular economy strategies and enhancing resource efficiency in tropical agriculture.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Valorization of Oil Palm Waste into Sustainable Animal Feed: Growth Performance and Nutritional Profile of Dried Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Cultivated on Empty Fruit Bunches-Based Substrates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Zaid Perdana Nasution,
  • M. Thoriq Al Fath,
  • Rivaldi Sidabutar,
  • Muhammad Ichwan,
  • Gina Cynthia Raphita Hasibuan,
  • Nisaul Fadilah Dalimunthe,
  • Tania Alda,
  • Juan Akmal Nasution,
  • Aravi Zalsa Ramadhan,
  • Vandria,
  • Muhammad Fajar,
  • Johannes Siregar

摘要

The palm oil industry generates vast quantities of empty fruit bunches (EFB), a lignocellulosic residue that poses environmental challenges due to its resistance to microbial degradation. In this study, we investigated the valorization of EFB as a substrate for Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae cultivation, aiming to transform agro-industrial waste into high-value protein suitable for animal feed. EFB was combined with palm kernel meal, expired milk, coconut pulp, and commercial poultry feed to formulate eight substrate treatments. Larvae were reared for 18 days, and growth performance was evaluated through length and weight measurements, while the nutritional composition of dried larvae was determined via proximate analysis (protein, fat, fiber, ash, moisture, carbohydrate, calcium, and phosphorus). Among the tested formulations, EFB + coconut pulp + nutrient (ECN) supported the highest larval growth (2.50 cm, 0.167 g), while palm kernel meal + coconut pulp + nutrient (PCN) produced larvae with the highest protein content (40.21%). Fat accumulation was maximized in palm kernel meal + expired milk (PE), reaching 27.54%. An 18-day harvest was identified as optimal, yielding larvae with balanced physical and nutritional characteristics that comply with international feed standards. These results demonstrate the feasibility of converting palm oil residues into sustainable insect-based protein sources, contributing to circular economy strategies and enhancing resource efficiency in tropical agriculture.

Graphical Abstract