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<p>To couple an integrated system for the optimized cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in a photobioreactor, using real-time monitoring through an RGB sensor, together with pretreatment by ozonation in a rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor, this study applied response surface methodology based on a Central Composite Design (CCD) and multiobjective optimization using the Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) algorithm. Raw landfill leachate presented initial values of COD = 3540&#xa0;mg L⁻1, BOD = 312&#xa0;mg L⁻1, NH₃–N = 2965&#xa0;mg L⁻1 and an initial BOD/COD ratio of 0.08. The ozonation pretreatment was carried out in an RPB reactor operating at 1000&#xa0;rpm, with ozone concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 10.8&#xa0;g O₃ m⁻3 and pH values between 4.3 and 9.2. Under optimized conditions (pH ≈ 7.0 and ozone concentration ≈ 2.7&#xa0;g O₃ m⁻3), the BOD/COD ratio increased from 0.08 to approximately 0.28–0.30, representing an increase of more than 250%, while COD was reduced by up to 70%. Although ammoniacal nitrogen removal during ozonation was limited, NH₃–N concentrations decreased from 2965&#xa0;mg L⁻1 to approximately 2024&#xa0;mg L⁻1, enabling its subsequent use as a nutrient source for microalgal cultivation. Batch cultivation assays using treated leachate (80&#xa0;mL) mixed with microalgal culture (120&#xa0;mL) demonstrated effective nitrogen assimilation, achieving residual NH₃–N concentrations below 300&#xa0;mg L⁻1 and biomass concentrations up to 299&#xa0;mg L⁻1. The integration of automated monitoring based on RGB color stabilization allowed real-time identification of the stationary growth phase and controlled feeding of pretreated leachate. The combined ozonation–microalgae system demonstrated technical feasibility, reduced external nutrient demand by up to 75%, and enhanced biomass production using landfill leachate as a macronutrient source. This integrated and optimized approach represents a sustainable strategy for landfill leachate valorization, combining advanced oxidation, process automation, and microalgal biotechnology.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Modeling and Optimization of a Combined Ozonation and Microalgae Cultivation Process using Nutrients from Landfill Leachate

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Nanda Souza Duarte,
  • Vagner Knupp,
  • Gisella Lamas Samanamud,
  • Mateus Souza Amaral,
  • Renata Carolina Zanetti Lofrano,
  • Heloissy Constantino Mascarenhas Simão,
  • Moises Azarias Manhice,
  • Tarsis Prado Barbosa,
  • Gabriela Gomes Pires de Paula,
  • José Izaquiel Santos da Silva,
  • Felipe Gomide,
  • Fabiano Luiz Naves

摘要

To couple an integrated system for the optimized cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in a photobioreactor, using real-time monitoring through an RGB sensor, together with pretreatment by ozonation in a rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor, this study applied response surface methodology based on a Central Composite Design (CCD) and multiobjective optimization using the Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) algorithm. Raw landfill leachate presented initial values of COD = 3540 mg L⁻1, BOD = 312 mg L⁻1, NH₃–N = 2965 mg L⁻1 and an initial BOD/COD ratio of 0.08. The ozonation pretreatment was carried out in an RPB reactor operating at 1000 rpm, with ozone concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 10.8 g O₃ m⁻3 and pH values between 4.3 and 9.2. Under optimized conditions (pH ≈ 7.0 and ozone concentration ≈ 2.7 g O₃ m⁻3), the BOD/COD ratio increased from 0.08 to approximately 0.28–0.30, representing an increase of more than 250%, while COD was reduced by up to 70%. Although ammoniacal nitrogen removal during ozonation was limited, NH₃–N concentrations decreased from 2965 mg L⁻1 to approximately 2024 mg L⁻1, enabling its subsequent use as a nutrient source for microalgal cultivation. Batch cultivation assays using treated leachate (80 mL) mixed with microalgal culture (120 mL) demonstrated effective nitrogen assimilation, achieving residual NH₃–N concentrations below 300 mg L⁻1 and biomass concentrations up to 299 mg L⁻1. The integration of automated monitoring based on RGB color stabilization allowed real-time identification of the stationary growth phase and controlled feeding of pretreated leachate. The combined ozonation–microalgae system demonstrated technical feasibility, reduced external nutrient demand by up to 75%, and enhanced biomass production using landfill leachate as a macronutrient source. This integrated and optimized approach represents a sustainable strategy for landfill leachate valorization, combining advanced oxidation, process automation, and microalgal biotechnology.

Graphical Abstract