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<p>Corrugated cardboard fly ash (CCFA) is an industrial by-product typically sent to landfill. Unlike conventional coal fly ash, CCFA has limited pozzolanic activity but contains a high amount of calcium oxide (CaO). When hydrated, CaO forms calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>2</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), which can react with metakaolin (MK)—a highly reactive aluminosilicate—to promote pozzolanic activation. This makes CCFA a promising material for sustainable cementitious binders. The chemical, physical, and microstructural characteristics of raw and hydrated materials were assessed using mechanical testing, XRF, XRD and BET. Compressive strength development was analysed via response surface methodology across varying water-to-cement ratios. While CCFA alone reduced strength, binary systems replacing 40% of cement with 20% CCFA and 20% MK achieved compressive strengths comparable to mixes with 20% MK alone. These results highlight the potential of CCFA as a sustainable calcium source in low-carbon binder systems, contributing to waste valorisation and cement reduction.</p>

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Calcium Oxide-Rich Industrial Waste Ash as a Lime Substitute in Sustainable Metakaolin-Based Binders

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Erik Christopher Hallsworth,
  • Levingshan Augusthus-Nelson,
  • Sergio Davies,
  • Aron Teklemariam,
  • Lubomira Tosheva,
  • Silvia Tedesco

摘要

Corrugated cardboard fly ash (CCFA) is an industrial by-product typically sent to landfill. Unlike conventional coal fly ash, CCFA has limited pozzolanic activity but contains a high amount of calcium oxide (CaO). When hydrated, CaO forms calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) \(_2\) 2 ), which can react with metakaolin (MK)—a highly reactive aluminosilicate—to promote pozzolanic activation. This makes CCFA a promising material for sustainable cementitious binders. The chemical, physical, and microstructural characteristics of raw and hydrated materials were assessed using mechanical testing, XRF, XRD and BET. Compressive strength development was analysed via response surface methodology across varying water-to-cement ratios. While CCFA alone reduced strength, binary systems replacing 40% of cement with 20% CCFA and 20% MK achieved compressive strengths comparable to mixes with 20% MK alone. These results highlight the potential of CCFA as a sustainable calcium source in low-carbon binder systems, contributing to waste valorisation and cement reduction.