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<p>Essential oil (EO) post-distillation by-products, like hydrosols and wastewater, are sources of bioactive compounds. Aligned with the principles of the circular economy, these residues offer a cost-effective alternative for various applications. In this context, this study investigated xanthan gum (XG) biosynthesis by <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> ATCC 33913 in a mineral salt medium supplemented with four hydrosols (<i>Cupressus leylandii</i> A.B. Jacks &amp; Dallim, <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Labill., <i>Aloysia citrodora</i> Paláu, and <i>Melissa officinalis</i> L.), achieving a 15.8% increase in production (13.91&#xa0;g/L) when 10% <i>C. leylandii</i> hydrosol was used, compared to the control (12.01&#xa0;g/L). The combination of this XG sample with a 50:50 (<i>v/v</i>) <i>A. citrodora</i> hydrosol and wastewater mixture yielded a product with a strong antioxidant capacity (90.2% free radical scavenging) and bacteriostatic effects against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Moreover, its antimicrobial capacity increased over time, likely due to the bacteria’s extended exposure to the bioactive compounds found in both by-products. These interactions may compromise the integrity of the cell membrane, thereby enhancing compounds’ penetration, reducing <i>S. aureus</i> by 48.3% in clean conditions (low organic load) and 40.6% in dirty conditions (high organic load) after 45&#xa0;min, both of which were significantly different from the control (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). The developed product demonstrated antimicrobial activity against <i>S. aureus</i> biofilms, reducing them by 35.9% (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) after 45&#xa0;min of treatment. This effect was increased (56.8%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) by doubling the treatment time (90&#xa0;min). Repurposing EO by-products as novel ingredients provides antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits for innovative products targeting <i>S. aureus</i> and its biofilms.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Circular Valorisation of Essential Oil Post-distillation by-products for Enhanced Xanthan Gum Bioproduction and Antimicrobial Treatments against Staphylococcus aureus

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • Heloísa H.S. Almeida,
  • Pedro J.L. Crugeira,
  • Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart,
  • Joana S. Amaral,
  • Tiane C. Finimundy,
  • Lillian Barros,
  • Alírio E. Rodrigues,
  • Maria-Filomena Barreiro

摘要

Essential oil (EO) post-distillation by-products, like hydrosols and wastewater, are sources of bioactive compounds. Aligned with the principles of the circular economy, these residues offer a cost-effective alternative for various applications. In this context, this study investigated xanthan gum (XG) biosynthesis by Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 33913 in a mineral salt medium supplemented with four hydrosols (Cupressus leylandii A.B. Jacks & Dallim, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Aloysia citrodora Paláu, and Melissa officinalis L.), achieving a 15.8% increase in production (13.91 g/L) when 10% C. leylandii hydrosol was used, compared to the control (12.01 g/L). The combination of this XG sample with a 50:50 (v/v) A. citrodora hydrosol and wastewater mixture yielded a product with a strong antioxidant capacity (90.2% free radical scavenging) and bacteriostatic effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, its antimicrobial capacity increased over time, likely due to the bacteria’s extended exposure to the bioactive compounds found in both by-products. These interactions may compromise the integrity of the cell membrane, thereby enhancing compounds’ penetration, reducing S. aureus by 48.3% in clean conditions (low organic load) and 40.6% in dirty conditions (high organic load) after 45 min, both of which were significantly different from the control (p < 0.0001). The developed product demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus biofilms, reducing them by 35.9% (p < 0.001) after 45 min of treatment. This effect was increased (56.8%; p < 0.0001) by doubling the treatment time (90 min). Repurposing EO by-products as novel ingredients provides antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits for innovative products targeting S. aureus and its biofilms.

Graphical Abstract