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<p>In this study, a solid acid catalyst, sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride (SGCN), was synthesized through the sulfonation of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) using sulfuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) at varying concentrations from 1 to 5&#xa0;M. The impact of the sulfonation process on the catalytic performance of SGCN was systematically investigated across two key applications: the conversion of hemicellulose derived from corncobs to furfural and the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB). Comprehensive structural and physicochemical characterizations were conducted using advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (UV-DRS). The findings revealed that SGCN treated with 5 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (SGCN5) exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency in furfural production, achieving a conversion rate of 55.73% at 190&#xa0;°C after 120&#xa0;min. In contrast, the SGCN treated with 2 M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (SGCN2) demonstrated the most effective photocatalytic activity, achieving a 98.17% degradation rate of MB within 180&#xa0;min under an initial MB concentration of 10 ppm using 30&#xa0;mg of catalyst. Moreover, the SGCN5 and SGCN2 materials demonstrated good reusability, retaining a furfural yield of 24.28% and maintaining a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB of 93.85% after five consecutive cycles, respectively. These results underscore the potential of SGCN as a versatile catalyst for both biomass valorization and environmental remediation, contributing to the advancement of sustainable catalytic processes.</p>

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Conversion of Hemicellulose from Corncob to Furfural and Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Using Sulfonated Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a Catalyst

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月29日

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  • Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hieu,
  • Nguyen Minh Hoang Nam,
  • Tran Ha Duyen,
  • Nguyen Hung Vu,
  • Nguyen Thanh Hoai Nam,
  • Nguyen Huu Hieu

摘要

In this study, a solid acid catalyst, sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride (SGCN), was synthesized through the sulfonation of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at varying concentrations from 1 to 5 M. The impact of the sulfonation process on the catalytic performance of SGCN was systematically investigated across two key applications: the conversion of hemicellulose derived from corncobs to furfural and the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB). Comprehensive structural and physicochemical characterizations were conducted using advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (UV-DRS). The findings revealed that SGCN treated with 5 M H2SO4 (SGCN5) exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency in furfural production, achieving a conversion rate of 55.73% at 190 °C after 120 min. In contrast, the SGCN treated with 2 M H2SO4 (SGCN2) demonstrated the most effective photocatalytic activity, achieving a 98.17% degradation rate of MB within 180 min under an initial MB concentration of 10 ppm using 30 mg of catalyst. Moreover, the SGCN5 and SGCN2 materials demonstrated good reusability, retaining a furfural yield of 24.28% and maintaining a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB of 93.85% after five consecutive cycles, respectively. These results underscore the potential of SGCN as a versatile catalyst for both biomass valorization and environmental remediation, contributing to the advancement of sustainable catalytic processes.