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<p>Papermaking from recovered pulp lowers paper quality due to fiber length reduction and hornification, yet recovered paper still contains high cellulose content suitable for upcycling into value-added cellulose products. However, purification is challenging due to foreign matter. This research upcycled office waste paper and old corrugated containers into microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and later produced cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from the optimal MCC. Key factors studied included repulping conditions, acid hydrolysis times, and high-pressure homogenization cycles to minimize energy consumption. Optimal repulping at 5% NaOH based on paper weight at 50&#xa0;°C for 120&#xa0;min and acid hydrolysis with 40 wt% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> at 40&#xa0;°C for 60&#xa0;min yielded MCC with high crystallinity, good brightness, and whiteness from office waste paper. CNF with an average diameter of 45&#xa0;nm was successfully derived from this MCC using 20-cycle high-pressure homogenization. Its suspension and film obtained exhibited good transparency with a white color slightly tinged with yellow. These findings indicate that office waste paper is a viable raw material for producing MCC and CNF, which have potential applications in the plastic and paper industries.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Upcycling Recovered Paper into Microcrystalline Cellulose and Nanocellulose: A Focus on Office Waste Paper and Old Corrugated Containers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月19日

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  • Atikarn Kraichok,
  • Kamonwan Pacaphol,
  • Kuntinee Suvarnakich

摘要

Papermaking from recovered pulp lowers paper quality due to fiber length reduction and hornification, yet recovered paper still contains high cellulose content suitable for upcycling into value-added cellulose products. However, purification is challenging due to foreign matter. This research upcycled office waste paper and old corrugated containers into microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and later produced cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from the optimal MCC. Key factors studied included repulping conditions, acid hydrolysis times, and high-pressure homogenization cycles to minimize energy consumption. Optimal repulping at 5% NaOH based on paper weight at 50 °C for 120 min and acid hydrolysis with 40 wt% H2SO4 at 40 °C for 60 min yielded MCC with high crystallinity, good brightness, and whiteness from office waste paper. CNF with an average diameter of 45 nm was successfully derived from this MCC using 20-cycle high-pressure homogenization. Its suspension and film obtained exhibited good transparency with a white color slightly tinged with yellow. These findings indicate that office waste paper is a viable raw material for producing MCC and CNF, which have potential applications in the plastic and paper industries.

Graphical Abstract