CO2 as Raw Material for Sustainable Biorefineries
摘要
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have caused a significant impact on climate change and global warming, with concentrations reaching 400 ppm in recent years. Various technologies exist for CO2 upgrading in industrial facilities known as C1 biorefineries where CO2 is considered as raw material for upgrading technologies to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Production processes can reach energy efficiency by implementing C1 biorefineries to allocate CO2. Considering the current interest in carbon upgrading technologies, this research focuses on analyzing carbon capture and utilization (CCU) alternatives under the C1 biorefinery concept. Three valorization scenarios are proposed to assure processes feasibility. The first scenario presents a CCU model towards the production of methanol using CO2 as raw material integrated to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) production. The second scenario considers the production of methanol and formic acid through electrochemical CO2 reduction. The third scenario analyzes the production of methanol, DMC and formic acid under the same C1 biorefinery integration. The feasibility is assessed by considering technical, economic, and environmental performance indicators. The results indicate that scenario 1 is the most promising option to be implemented due to the product yield (0.79 for methanol and 0.33 for DMC), payback period (11 years), and the Ratio CO2,out/CO2,in (4.10 × 10−4). As conclusions, the integration of CCU technologies to existing processes mitigates GHG emissions, contributes to an energetically viable production of value-added products, and promotes the developing of a circular bioeconomy model.
Graphical Abstract