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<p>Torrefaction offers significant advantages for biomass waste management, improving storage stability, energy densification, and grindability of feedstock. When biomass particles are exposed to a gas flow above 300&#xa0;°C, the application of high-intensity acoustic fields enhances heat and mass transfer, accelerating both drying and thermal degradation. To analyze these effects, a set of nonlinear heat and mass transfer equations for a single biomass particle was solved numerically using the finite volume method (FVM) on the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) platform. Mass and energy balances were determined by applying Fick’s second law and the heat equation, considering internal conduction and surface convection. For 1.0&#xa0;mm biomass particles, subjected to an oscillating frequency of 60&#xa0;Hz and sound pressure levels of 170&#xa0;dB, drying time was reduced by 50%, while thermal degradation time decreased by 25% compared to steady-flow conditions in a 0.1&#xa0;s residence time. A pneumatic reactor measuring 8.0&#xa0;m in length and 0.25&#xa0;m in diameter is capable of processing up to 1,000&#xa0;kg/day of pulverized biomass under high-intensity acoustic fields. To sustain the acoustic energy source, estimates indicate that 1.0&#xa0;kg of biomass used for power generation can facilitate the treatment of 7.0&#xa0;kg of raw feedstock, making the process feasible in terms of mass and energy balances. Numerical predictions demonstrate that the application of acoustic fields aids the development of more compact and efficient pyrolysis reactors.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Energy Densification of Biomass Particles Through Torrefaction Under Acoustic Fields

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月19日

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  • D. N. Kalatalo,
  • C. A. G. Veras

摘要

Torrefaction offers significant advantages for biomass waste management, improving storage stability, energy densification, and grindability of feedstock. When biomass particles are exposed to a gas flow above 300 °C, the application of high-intensity acoustic fields enhances heat and mass transfer, accelerating both drying and thermal degradation. To analyze these effects, a set of nonlinear heat and mass transfer equations for a single biomass particle was solved numerically using the finite volume method (FVM) on the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) platform. Mass and energy balances were determined by applying Fick’s second law and the heat equation, considering internal conduction and surface convection. For 1.0 mm biomass particles, subjected to an oscillating frequency of 60 Hz and sound pressure levels of 170 dB, drying time was reduced by 50%, while thermal degradation time decreased by 25% compared to steady-flow conditions in a 0.1 s residence time. A pneumatic reactor measuring 8.0 m in length and 0.25 m in diameter is capable of processing up to 1,000 kg/day of pulverized biomass under high-intensity acoustic fields. To sustain the acoustic energy source, estimates indicate that 1.0 kg of biomass used for power generation can facilitate the treatment of 7.0 kg of raw feedstock, making the process feasible in terms of mass and energy balances. Numerical predictions demonstrate that the application of acoustic fields aids the development of more compact and efficient pyrolysis reactors.

Graphical Abstract