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<p>Nowadays, achieving clean energy is one of the most important challenges in the world. Nuclear fusion, utilizing fusion fuels such as DT, D<sup>3</sup>He, and P<sup>11</sup>B through heavy ion fusion, represents a promising clean energy source. This article presents the authors’ novel investigation into a six-layer fuel system, which incorporates a foam layer, subjected for the first time to irradiation from two heavy ions, Bismuth (Bi) and Cesium (Cs), at an energy level of 10&#xa0;GeV. We calculated the energies produced from various physical interactions between these beams and the chosen fusion fuels. Moreover, we determined the deposited energies due to the Bi and Cs heavy ion beams with Bragg peaks by GEANT4 code. A significant challenge in energy deposition within the fusion fuel is the non-uniformity of beam radiation; thus, we employed a foam layer to mitigate these inconsistencies within the six-layer fuel structure. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between non-uniformity and the displacement of the fuel pellet. One of the basic issues in inertial fusion would be a spherically uniform target compression, which would be degraded by a non-uniform implosion to evaluate the non-uniformity of illumination on the target; we use the mean square root uniformity of the target. We found that the tolerable displacement of the target illuminated by the wobbling ion beams is approximately 77–87&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12648_2025_3634_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\upmu m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in a fusion reactor.</p>

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Stopping power of Bi and Cs beams inside the six layers fuels and evaluate the non-uniformity of illumination on the target using GEANT4 code

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月11日

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  • S N Hosseinimotlagh,
  • Abuzar Shakeri,
  • Z. Farmani,
  • M. Ghasemi Shabankareh

摘要

Nowadays, achieving clean energy is one of the most important challenges in the world. Nuclear fusion, utilizing fusion fuels such as DT, D3He, and P11B through heavy ion fusion, represents a promising clean energy source. This article presents the authors’ novel investigation into a six-layer fuel system, which incorporates a foam layer, subjected for the first time to irradiation from two heavy ions, Bismuth (Bi) and Cesium (Cs), at an energy level of 10 GeV. We calculated the energies produced from various physical interactions between these beams and the chosen fusion fuels. Moreover, we determined the deposited energies due to the Bi and Cs heavy ion beams with Bragg peaks by GEANT4 code. A significant challenge in energy deposition within the fusion fuel is the non-uniformity of beam radiation; thus, we employed a foam layer to mitigate these inconsistencies within the six-layer fuel structure. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between non-uniformity and the displacement of the fuel pellet. One of the basic issues in inertial fusion would be a spherically uniform target compression, which would be degraded by a non-uniform implosion to evaluate the non-uniformity of illumination on the target; we use the mean square root uniformity of the target. We found that the tolerable displacement of the target illuminated by the wobbling ion beams is approximately 77–87  \(\upmu m\) μ m in a fusion reactor.