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<p>The present work outlines the third-order nonlinear optical (TNLO) features of triphenylmethane dye, namely crystal violet (CV) dye dissolved in ethanol, methanol, DMF and DMSO using low power diode laser employed at 650&#xa0;nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index (<i>n</i><sub>2</sub>) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (<i>β</i>) of CV dye were determined from closed aperture (CA) and open aperture (OA) Z–scan approaches, respectively. The order of <i>n</i><sub>2</sub> and <i>β</i> of the CV dye in polar liquids were computed to be 10<sup>–7</sup>&#xa0;cm<sup>2</sup>/W and 10<sup>–3</sup>&#xa0;cm/W, respectively. The <i>β</i> of CV dye exhibited both positive and negative nonlinearity as a result of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and saturable absorption (SA). The existence of RSA in CV dye dissolved in DMF and DMSO was confirmed by measured ground and excited state absorption cross-section. The CV dye displayed a self-defocusing NLO refraction in all the liquids due to thermal nonlinearity. The order of TNLO susceptibility and second order hyperpolarizability of the CV dye in polar liquids were determined to be 10<sup>–6</sup> esu and 10<sup>–31</sup> esu. The optical limiting (OL) study was employed and the dye exhibited low OL threshold of 1.97 × 10<sup>2</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup> in DMSO under low power laser.</p>

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The enhanced nonlinear optical and optical limiting features of crystal violet dye in different liquids using low power Z-scan method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月20日

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  • N. Srinivasan Arunsankar,
  • Natarajan Arumugam,
  • Abdulrahman I. Almansour,
  • Madhappan Santhamoorthy,
  • S. Jeyaram

摘要

The present work outlines the third-order nonlinear optical (TNLO) features of triphenylmethane dye, namely crystal violet (CV) dye dissolved in ethanol, methanol, DMF and DMSO using low power diode laser employed at 650 nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) of CV dye were determined from closed aperture (CA) and open aperture (OA) Z–scan approaches, respectively. The order of n2 and β of the CV dye in polar liquids were computed to be 10–7 cm2/W and 10–3 cm/W, respectively. The β of CV dye exhibited both positive and negative nonlinearity as a result of reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and saturable absorption (SA). The existence of RSA in CV dye dissolved in DMF and DMSO was confirmed by measured ground and excited state absorption cross-section. The CV dye displayed a self-defocusing NLO refraction in all the liquids due to thermal nonlinearity. The order of TNLO susceptibility and second order hyperpolarizability of the CV dye in polar liquids were determined to be 10–6 esu and 10–31 esu. The optical limiting (OL) study was employed and the dye exhibited low OL threshold of 1.97 × 102 W/cm2 in DMSO under low power laser.