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<p>Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) with tunable ferromagnetism represent promising materials for spintronic device fabrication. This investigation examines pure and Gd-doped SnS<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (Sn<sub>1-x</sub>Gd<sub>x</sub>S<sub>2</sub>, x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) synthesized hydrothermally. Characterization methods included X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD analysis confirmed a hexagonal crystal structure, with dopant-dependent crystallite sizes calculated via the Scherrer equation. FESEM revealed nanoparticle dimensions of 100–500&#xa0;nm. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy demonstrated progressive increases in both reflectance spectra and band gap energies, indicating a blue shift. Photoluminescence measurements under 259&#xa0;nm excitation showed visible-region emission peaks, with increasing Gd concentration producing a blue shift in green emission due to band gap expansion. Raman spectroscopy identified an A<sub>1g</sub> mode at 312&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, confirming the 2H polytype of SnS<sub>2</sub>. CIE chromaticity analysis suggests potential applications in domestic lighting. The weak ferromagnetic behavior observed in Gd-doped samples correlates with tin vacancies (V<sub>Sn</sub>), explaining the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles.</p>

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Synthesis and characterization of Gd-doped SnS2 nanopowders: structural, optical, and magnetic properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月12日

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  • Anjali Bhattacharyya,
  • N. Madhusudhana Rao

摘要

Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) with tunable ferromagnetism represent promising materials for spintronic device fabrication. This investigation examines pure and Gd-doped SnS2 nanoparticles (Sn1-xGdxS2, x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) synthesized hydrothermally. Characterization methods included X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD analysis confirmed a hexagonal crystal structure, with dopant-dependent crystallite sizes calculated via the Scherrer equation. FESEM revealed nanoparticle dimensions of 100–500 nm. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy demonstrated progressive increases in both reflectance spectra and band gap energies, indicating a blue shift. Photoluminescence measurements under 259 nm excitation showed visible-region emission peaks, with increasing Gd concentration producing a blue shift in green emission due to band gap expansion. Raman spectroscopy identified an A1g mode at 312 cm−1, confirming the 2H polytype of SnS2. CIE chromaticity analysis suggests potential applications in domestic lighting. The weak ferromagnetic behavior observed in Gd-doped samples correlates with tin vacancies (VSn), explaining the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles.