<p>The present study investigates the advantages of thermal binding energy over cold binding energy in the clustering technique for identifying bound structures, particularly in the context of multifragmentation, transverse flow, and nuclear stopping. To analyze the nucleon’s phase space, the Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model is employed, incorporating an enhanced version of the widely used Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) clusterization algorithm. This enhancement involves applying binding energy constraints to pre-clusters. Our findings highlight the significant impact of thermal binding constraints on various observables in <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12648_2025_3550_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{40}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>40</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Ca <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12648_2025_3550_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$+$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>+</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12648_2025_3550_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{40}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>40</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Ca and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12648_2025_3550_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{197}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>197</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Au <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12648_2025_3550_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$+$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>+</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12648_2025_3550_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{197}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>197</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Au collisions at low beam energies. However, the influence of this modification diminishes as beam energy increases. Furthermore, we compared nuclear stopping results from our calculations with experimental data from the INDRA collaboration. This comparison reveals that incorporating thermal binding energy constraints yields results that align more closely with experimental measurements compared to those based on cold matter binding energy.</p>

Unraveling the effect of thermally modified clusterization technique on fragmentation, transverse flow and nuclear stopping

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发表日期：

2025年2月6日

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Sucheta,
Sakshi Gautam,
Rajeev K. Puri

摘要

The present study investigates the advantages of thermal binding energy over cold binding energy in the clustering technique for identifying bound structures, particularly in the context of multifragmentation, transverse flow, and nuclear stopping. To analyze the nucleon’s phase space, the Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model is employed, incorporating an enhanced version of the widely used Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) clusterization algorithm. This enhancement involves applying binding energy constraints to pre-clusters. Our findings highlight the significant impact of thermal binding constraints on various observables in $^{40}$ $^{40}$ Ca $+$ $+$ $^{40}$ $^{40}$ Ca and $^{197}$ $^{197}$ Au $+$ $+$ $^{197}$ $^{197}$ Au collisions at low beam energies. However, the influence of this modification diminishes as beam energy increases. Furthermore, we compared nuclear stopping results from our calculations with experimental data from the INDRA collaboration. This comparison reveals that incorporating thermal binding energy constraints yields results that align more closely with experimental measurements compared to those based on cold matter binding energy.