In-depth dielectric study of bulk nanocrystalline β-H₂Pc with different biasing and photovoltaic performance of β-H₂Pc/p-Si solar cell under varied illumination

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the thermal stability of β-metal-free phthalocyanine (β-H₂Pc) powder, demonstrating its resilience at temperatures of approximately 470°C. The nanocrystalline nature of β-H₂Pc was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, an extensive exploration of the dielectric properties of bulk β-H₂Pc, in the form of compacted pellets, was undertaken over a wide frequency range (10 Hz–20 MHz) at different temperatures (303, 348, and 423 K), with consideration of the impact of DC-bias voltages (− 2 V to 2 V). Interestingly, the examined dielectric characteristics exhibited a substantial dependency on bias voltage, frequency, and temperature. The series resistance diminishes with increasing temperature, indicating enhanced device performance under elevated thermal conditions. In addition, this study delved into the photovoltaic characteristics of the β-H₂Pc/p-Si diode under various illumination levels and was used to evaluate its potential for optoelectronic applications. The observed current density–voltage behavior demonstrates diode-like properties, with the generated current showing evidence of thermal activation. Furthermore, the Fill Factor decreased with increasing illumination intensity and power.