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<p>This study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of environmental noise pollution in Kota city, India, for seven years (2018–2024), addressing the paucity of long-term noise studies in tier-two urban centres. Equivalent continuous noise levels (L<sub>eq</sub>) were monitored monthly at four fixed locations representing industrial, commercial, residential, and silence zones. Temporal trends, seasonal variations, and compliance with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards were analyzed. The Noise Exposure Index (NEI) was used to quantify chronic exposure, and spatial interpolation was performed using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to map noise distribution. The findings indicate consistent exceedance of CPCB limits across all zones. Silence and residential areas recorded the highest violations, with peak daytime L<sub>eq</sub> reaching 77.3&#xa0;dB(A) [+ 27.3&#xa0;dB(A)] and 77.7&#xa0;dB(A) [+ 22.7&#xa0;dB(A)], respectively. Nighttime levels in the silence zone reached up to 68.6&#xa0;dB(A) [+ 28.6&#xa0;dB(A)], far exceeding the 40&#xa0;dB(A) standard. NEI values exceeded the threshold of 1.0 in all non-industrial zones, indicating harmful exposure, and peaked at 1.50 in the silence zone, reflecting significantly high cumulative risk. A temporary noise reduction in 2020 was followed by a post-pandemic resurgence. IDW analysis revealed persistent hotspots and noise encroachment into sensitive zones. The findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, acoustic zoning, and targeted mitigation strategies. The study offers a replicable, GIS-based framework for evaluating chronic noise exposure in rapidly urbanizing Indian cities.</p>

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Long-Term Acoustic Profiling of Urban Noise Pollution in Kota City Using GIS and Noise Exposure Index Metrics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月4日

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  • Nishikant Priyadarshi,
  • Porush Kumar,
  • Devesh Bharadwaj,
  • Mahendra Pratap Choudhary

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of environmental noise pollution in Kota city, India, for seven years (2018–2024), addressing the paucity of long-term noise studies in tier-two urban centres. Equivalent continuous noise levels (Leq) were monitored monthly at four fixed locations representing industrial, commercial, residential, and silence zones. Temporal trends, seasonal variations, and compliance with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards were analyzed. The Noise Exposure Index (NEI) was used to quantify chronic exposure, and spatial interpolation was performed using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to map noise distribution. The findings indicate consistent exceedance of CPCB limits across all zones. Silence and residential areas recorded the highest violations, with peak daytime Leq reaching 77.3 dB(A) [+ 27.3 dB(A)] and 77.7 dB(A) [+ 22.7 dB(A)], respectively. Nighttime levels in the silence zone reached up to 68.6 dB(A) [+ 28.6 dB(A)], far exceeding the 40 dB(A) standard. NEI values exceeded the threshold of 1.0 in all non-industrial zones, indicating harmful exposure, and peaked at 1.50 in the silence zone, reflecting significantly high cumulative risk. A temporary noise reduction in 2020 was followed by a post-pandemic resurgence. IDW analysis revealed persistent hotspots and noise encroachment into sensitive zones. The findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, acoustic zoning, and targeted mitigation strategies. The study offers a replicable, GIS-based framework for evaluating chronic noise exposure in rapidly urbanizing Indian cities.