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<p>Nonlinear optical phenomena and techniques challenge existing in-line metrology. In order to validate a wide range of classical and nonclassical photonic outcomes, it is now crucial to broaden the scope of metrological aspects which were initially confined to fundamental SI units. The conventional method to determine third-order nonlinear optical coefficients is Z-scan spectroscopy. Carbon Disulfide (CS<sub>2</sub>) is the most extensively used reference material for various nonlinear optical setups including Z-scan spectroscopy. However, variation in the incident laser beam’s pulse duration drastically alters the nonlinear optical response of CS<sub>2</sub>. Therefore, till date all the available literature quotes relative nonlinear optical coefficients of CS<sub>2</sub> and a consensus over the absolute nonlinearity of the reference material itself is missing. In order to overcome this limitation, the present article employs the Law of Propagation of Uncertainties (LPU/GUM) to establish a generic model to assess the uncertainties involved in the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index in the standard CS<sub>2</sub> solution using transmission mode <i>Z</i>-scan spectroscopy. This would not only help in expanding the bounds of nonlinear optical metrology but also permit assessment, comparison, and commercialization of the results obtained from different third-order nonlinear optical measurements.</p>

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Uncertainty Analysis in Z-Scan Spectroscopy: A Systematic Approach for Budget Estimation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月19日

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  • Kaweri Gambhir,
  • Parag Sharma,
  • A. G. Vedeshwar,
  • Ranjana Mehrotra

摘要

Nonlinear optical phenomena and techniques challenge existing in-line metrology. In order to validate a wide range of classical and nonclassical photonic outcomes, it is now crucial to broaden the scope of metrological aspects which were initially confined to fundamental SI units. The conventional method to determine third-order nonlinear optical coefficients is Z-scan spectroscopy. Carbon Disulfide (CS2) is the most extensively used reference material for various nonlinear optical setups including Z-scan spectroscopy. However, variation in the incident laser beam’s pulse duration drastically alters the nonlinear optical response of CS2. Therefore, till date all the available literature quotes relative nonlinear optical coefficients of CS2 and a consensus over the absolute nonlinearity of the reference material itself is missing. In order to overcome this limitation, the present article employs the Law of Propagation of Uncertainties (LPU/GUM) to establish a generic model to assess the uncertainties involved in the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index in the standard CS2 solution using transmission mode Z-scan spectroscopy. This would not only help in expanding the bounds of nonlinear optical metrology but also permit assessment, comparison, and commercialization of the results obtained from different third-order nonlinear optical measurements.