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<p>Gastrointestinal nematodes, particularly <i>Haemonchus (H.) contortus</i>, are a major constraint to small ruminant production, with the growing problem of drug resistance reducing the effectiveness of synthetic anthelmintics. Medicinal plants and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising alternatives; however, direct comparisons between essential oils (EOs) and their corresponding nanoparticles, especially when tested as mixtures, remain limited. This study evaluated the in vitro anthelmintic activity of EOs and AgNPs derived from <i>Cuminum (C.) cyminum</i>, <i>Foeniculum (F.) vulgare</i>, and <i>Coriandrum (C.) sativum</i> seeds, tested individually and in combinations, against <i>H. contortus</i>. Egg hatch assays (EHA) demonstrated clear dose-dependent inhibition. Among EOs, LC<sub>50</sub> values ranged from 0.360 µL/L (<i>F. vulgare</i>) to 0.511 µL/L (<i>C. sativum</i>), while AgNPs exhibited significantly lower LC<sub>50</sub> values (0.131–0.232 µL/L). The EO mixture reduced LC<sub>50</sub> to 0.258 µL/L, while the corresponding AgNP mixture further lowered it to 0.165 µL/L, indicating a synergistic enhancement within each formulation type. In adult motility assays (AMA), EOs were consistently more potent than their AgNPs. <i>C. cyminum</i> EO showed the strongest effect (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.067 µL/L), followed by the EO mixture (0.089 µL/L). Although individual AgNPs were less active at this stage, the AgNP mixture (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.129 µL/L) outperformed single-plant AgNPs, suggesting combination-driven synergy. Overall, EOs exhibited greater adulticidal activity, whereas AgNPs were more effective ovicides. By systematically contrasting oils and nanoparticles across life stages and assessing synergistic mixtures, this study provides new insight into optimizing plant-based nanotherapeutics for parasite control. The findings highlight the potential of integrating ethnoveterinary plants with nanotechnology as sustainable alternatives to synthetic dewormers, addressing both efficacy and resistance challenges in small ruminant production.</p>

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Stage-specific and synergistic anthelmintic effects of plant essential oils and their silver nanoparticles derived from Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare, and Coriandrum sativum on Haemonchus contortus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月18日

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  • Javaria Waheed,
  • Aftab Qamar,
  • Sun Zewei

摘要

Gastrointestinal nematodes, particularly Haemonchus (H.) contortus, are a major constraint to small ruminant production, with the growing problem of drug resistance reducing the effectiveness of synthetic anthelmintics. Medicinal plants and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising alternatives; however, direct comparisons between essential oils (EOs) and their corresponding nanoparticles, especially when tested as mixtures, remain limited. This study evaluated the in vitro anthelmintic activity of EOs and AgNPs derived from Cuminum (C.) cyminum, Foeniculum (F.) vulgare, and Coriandrum (C.) sativum seeds, tested individually and in combinations, against H. contortus. Egg hatch assays (EHA) demonstrated clear dose-dependent inhibition. Among EOs, LC50 values ranged from 0.360 µL/L (F. vulgare) to 0.511 µL/L (C. sativum), while AgNPs exhibited significantly lower LC50 values (0.131–0.232 µL/L). The EO mixture reduced LC50 to 0.258 µL/L, while the corresponding AgNP mixture further lowered it to 0.165 µL/L, indicating a synergistic enhancement within each formulation type. In adult motility assays (AMA), EOs were consistently more potent than their AgNPs. C. cyminum EO showed the strongest effect (LC50 = 0.067 µL/L), followed by the EO mixture (0.089 µL/L). Although individual AgNPs were less active at this stage, the AgNP mixture (LC50 = 0.129 µL/L) outperformed single-plant AgNPs, suggesting combination-driven synergy. Overall, EOs exhibited greater adulticidal activity, whereas AgNPs were more effective ovicides. By systematically contrasting oils and nanoparticles across life stages and assessing synergistic mixtures, this study provides new insight into optimizing plant-based nanotherapeutics for parasite control. The findings highlight the potential of integrating ethnoveterinary plants with nanotechnology as sustainable alternatives to synthetic dewormers, addressing both efficacy and resistance challenges in small ruminant production.