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<p>Even though the extreme cold is detrimental to the development and survival of gastrointestinal nematodes, <i>Nematodirus</i> is an important genus in terms of disease and production loss, as it requires a chilling temperature for its development. This is the first cross-sectional study that was carried out to investigate the larval morphology, prevalence, and intensity of infection, and the associated risk factors of <i>Nematodirus spp.</i> in sheep kept under the traditional husbandry system in the district Kargil, a Trans-Himalayan region of India, from March 2021 to February 2023. A total of 814 faecal samples (Year 1- 404; Year 2- 410) were examined. The morphology and micrometry study of eggs was conducted for the prevalence, while the parasite burden was determined using the modified McMaster technique. A larval morphology and micrometry study was conducted to identify species.Larval culture reports revealed that the differential larval count of <i>Nematodirus spp.</i> were 2.89% in year 1 and 2.6% in year 2 with a range of (0–8%) and (0–10%) respectively. The mean level of infection was recorded below 80 eggs per gram [EPG]. An overall 42.5% in year 1 and 40% in year 2 were found to be infected with <i>Nematodirus spp</i>. Season, sex, age, and breed were found to be relevant major risk factors that influenced the prevalence of parasites. The prevalence of <i>Nematodirus spp.</i> was significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) associated with seasons, age groups, and different breeds but not with gender (sex) (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Thus, it may be concluded that the purpose of the current study is not only to assess the widespreadness of infection but also to monitor and forecast future outbreaks of this important genus.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p> <p>The morphology study based on egg, larvae revealed that the Nematodirus spp. inhabited in the sheep raised in Kargil Ladakh, India. Larval culture findings revealed the two species of Nematodirus, Nematodirus spathiger and Nematodirus filicollis. Overall: Nematodirus spp. was found 42.5% in year 1 and 40% in year 2.The mean level of infection was recorded below 80 eggs per gram (EPG). Maximum incidence of infection found in spring and minimum in summer.Season, sex, age and breed are the various risk factors that influence the prevalence of Nematodirus spp. in sheep of Kargil Ladakh. </p>

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Epidemiology and larval morphology of Nematodirus spp. in sheep raised under traditional husbandry system In district Kargil, a Trans-Himalaya region of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Shabbir Hussain,
  • Aqleemul Islam,
  • Zeenat Islam,
  • Fayaz Ahmad,
  • Kamal Jaiswal,
  • Suman Mishra

摘要

Even though the extreme cold is detrimental to the development and survival of gastrointestinal nematodes, Nematodirus is an important genus in terms of disease and production loss, as it requires a chilling temperature for its development. This is the first cross-sectional study that was carried out to investigate the larval morphology, prevalence, and intensity of infection, and the associated risk factors of Nematodirus spp. in sheep kept under the traditional husbandry system in the district Kargil, a Trans-Himalayan region of India, from March 2021 to February 2023. A total of 814 faecal samples (Year 1- 404; Year 2- 410) were examined. The morphology and micrometry study of eggs was conducted for the prevalence, while the parasite burden was determined using the modified McMaster technique. A larval morphology and micrometry study was conducted to identify species.Larval culture reports revealed that the differential larval count of Nematodirus spp. were 2.89% in year 1 and 2.6% in year 2 with a range of (0–8%) and (0–10%) respectively. The mean level of infection was recorded below 80 eggs per gram [EPG]. An overall 42.5% in year 1 and 40% in year 2 were found to be infected with Nematodirus spp. Season, sex, age, and breed were found to be relevant major risk factors that influenced the prevalence of parasites. The prevalence of Nematodirus spp. was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with seasons, age groups, and different breeds but not with gender (sex) (p > 0.05). Thus, it may be concluded that the purpose of the current study is not only to assess the widespreadness of infection but also to monitor and forecast future outbreaks of this important genus.

Graphical abstract

The morphology study based on egg, larvae revealed that the Nematodirus spp. inhabited in the sheep raised in Kargil Ladakh, India. Larval culture findings revealed the two species of Nematodirus, Nematodirus spathiger and Nematodirus filicollis. Overall: Nematodirus spp. was found 42.5% in year 1 and 40% in year 2.The mean level of infection was recorded below 80 eggs per gram (EPG). Maximum incidence of infection found in spring and minimum in summer.Season, sex, age and breed are the various risk factors that influence the prevalence of Nematodirus spp. in sheep of Kargil Ladakh.