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<p>This study addresses the limited understanding of how green-synthesized ceramic nanoparticles and surface-treated natural fibers synergistically enhance multifunctional performance in epoxy composites. The work investigates the combined influence of alkaline and silane-treated <i>Araceae</i> stem fiber and silicon nitride (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles, synthesized from <i>Cocos nucifera</i> inflorescences, on the mechanical, wear, wettability, and thermal behavior of epoxy composites. Composites were fabricated via hand layup with 30 vol. % fiber and varying Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> contents (0.5–4.5 vol. %). The composite containing 2.5 vol. % Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> exhibited the optimum balance of mechanical properties, achieving a tensile strength of 158&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 183&#xa0;MPa, and impact energy of 4.97&#xa0;J, indicating effective stress transfer and improved interfacial bonding. In contrast, 4.5 vol.% Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> provided superior surface and durability characteristics, including a maximum water contact angle of 95°, Shore-D hardness of 98, lowest specific wear rate (0.32 mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm), reduced coefficient of friction (0.46), and enhanced thermal stability with decomposition temperatures up to 429&#xa0;°C. Morphological analysis confirmed improved fiber-matrix adhesion and uniform nanoparticle dispersion due to combined chemical treatment. The results demonstrate that controlled Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> incorporation enables property tailoring, where 2.5 vol. % is optimal for structural performance, while higher loading enhances surface and thermal resistance.</p>

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Effect of Green-Synthesized Silicon Nitride Nanoparticles Derived from Cocos nucifera on the Properties of Araceae Stem Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • R. Premkumar,
  • K. Raju

摘要

This study addresses the limited understanding of how green-synthesized ceramic nanoparticles and surface-treated natural fibers synergistically enhance multifunctional performance in epoxy composites. The work investigates the combined influence of alkaline and silane-treated Araceae stem fiber and silicon nitride (Si3N4) nanoparticles, synthesized from Cocos nucifera inflorescences, on the mechanical, wear, wettability, and thermal behavior of epoxy composites. Composites were fabricated via hand layup with 30 vol. % fiber and varying Si3N4 contents (0.5–4.5 vol. %). The composite containing 2.5 vol. % Si3N4 exhibited the optimum balance of mechanical properties, achieving a tensile strength of 158 MPa, flexural strength of 183 MPa, and impact energy of 4.97 J, indicating effective stress transfer and improved interfacial bonding. In contrast, 4.5 vol.% Si3N4 provided superior surface and durability characteristics, including a maximum water contact angle of 95°, Shore-D hardness of 98, lowest specific wear rate (0.32 mm3/Nm), reduced coefficient of friction (0.46), and enhanced thermal stability with decomposition temperatures up to 429 °C. Morphological analysis confirmed improved fiber-matrix adhesion and uniform nanoparticle dispersion due to combined chemical treatment. The results demonstrate that controlled Si3N4 incorporation enables property tailoring, where 2.5 vol. % is optimal for structural performance, while higher loading enhances surface and thermal resistance.