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<p>The Kevlar/<i>Tithonia diversifolia</i> natural stem fiber-epoxy composites were investigated for their mechanical, impact, and drilling properties, focusing on the effects of stacking order, fiber orientation, and silane treatment. Three stacking orders were analysed, 90° stacking order (N/K/K/N, K/N/N/K, N/K/N/K) in the A-series, ± 45° stacking order (N/K/K/N, K/N/N/K, N/K/N/K) in the B-series, and ± 45° stacking order with silane treatment (N/K/K/N, K/N/N/K, N/K/N/K) in the C-series. The results revealed that specimen C3 from the C-series exhibited the highest overall performance, achieving a tensile strength of 142&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 156&#xa0;MPa, and Shore-D hardness of 84, marking an 18.33% increase in tensile strength, 10.64% improvement in flexural strength, and a 5% increase in hardness compared to C1. The Izod impact test confirmed C3's superior impact resistance, recording 4.07&#xa0;J, a 58.37% increase from C1, while low-velocity impact tests showed the highest energy absorption at 8.6&#xa0;J with a 16.4&#xa0;ms impact duration. The drilling tests demonstrated minimal hole expansion, with C3 achieving the most precise drilling results at 4.06&#xa0;mm and 8.07&#xa0;mm for 4&#xa0;mm and 8&#xa0;mm drills, respectively, confirming reduced fiber pull-out and improved machinability. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed strong fiber-matrix adhesion, reduced voids, and shear fracture patterns in C3, indicating efficient energy dissipation and enhanced structural integrity. The findings suggest that optimized stacking order and silane treatment significantly improve the performance of Kevlar/<i>Tithonia diversifolia</i> natural stemfiber-epoxy composites, making them suitable for high-strength, impact-resistant, and precision machining applications.</p>

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Effect of Silane Treatment and Stacking Order on Mechanical, Low Velocity Impact and Drilling Behaviour of Kevlar/Tithonia diversifolia Natural Stem Fiber-epoxy Composite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • L. Natrayan,
  • Seeniappan Kaliappan,
  • S. Saravana Kumar,
  • T. Mothilal,
  • Ramya M,
  • Vinayagam Mohanavel,
  • M. Ravi Chandran,
  • Manzore Elahi M. Soudagar

摘要

The Kevlar/Tithonia diversifolia natural stem fiber-epoxy composites were investigated for their mechanical, impact, and drilling properties, focusing on the effects of stacking order, fiber orientation, and silane treatment. Three stacking orders were analysed, 90° stacking order (N/K/K/N, K/N/N/K, N/K/N/K) in the A-series, ± 45° stacking order (N/K/K/N, K/N/N/K, N/K/N/K) in the B-series, and ± 45° stacking order with silane treatment (N/K/K/N, K/N/N/K, N/K/N/K) in the C-series. The results revealed that specimen C3 from the C-series exhibited the highest overall performance, achieving a tensile strength of 142 MPa, flexural strength of 156 MPa, and Shore-D hardness of 84, marking an 18.33% increase in tensile strength, 10.64% improvement in flexural strength, and a 5% increase in hardness compared to C1. The Izod impact test confirmed C3's superior impact resistance, recording 4.07 J, a 58.37% increase from C1, while low-velocity impact tests showed the highest energy absorption at 8.6 J with a 16.4 ms impact duration. The drilling tests demonstrated minimal hole expansion, with C3 achieving the most precise drilling results at 4.06 mm and 8.07 mm for 4 mm and 8 mm drills, respectively, confirming reduced fiber pull-out and improved machinability. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed strong fiber-matrix adhesion, reduced voids, and shear fracture patterns in C3, indicating efficient energy dissipation and enhanced structural integrity. The findings suggest that optimized stacking order and silane treatment significantly improve the performance of Kevlar/Tithonia diversifolia natural stemfiber-epoxy composites, making them suitable for high-strength, impact-resistant, and precision machining applications.