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<p>Biochar derived from <i>Passiflora edulis</i> husk was investigated as a low-cost, renewable functional filler for aloe vera fiber–reinforced polyester composites, with emphasis on improving interfacial compatibility and multifunctional performance. Biochar was produced by pyrolysis and surface modified using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTMS) to enhance matrix–filler interaction. The influence of silane-treated biochar on viscoelastic, flammability, thermal, and electrical properties was systematically evaluated. The composite containing 2 vol. % silanized biochar (PFB5) exhibited the highest electrical conductivity (7.0 × 10<sup>–9</sup> S/m), while 4 vol. % silanized biochar resulted in the lowest flame propagation rate (13.5&#xa0;mm/min) and the highest thermal conductivity (0.158 W/mK). Dynamic mechanical analysis showed an increased storage modulus of 2.80 GPa and a reduced loss factor of 0.046 at a glass transition temperature of 76&#xa0;°C. SEM analysis confirmed improved dispersion and interfacial adhesion due to silane treatment. The study demonstrates that controlled silanization and biochar loading enable targeted enhancement of functional and mechanical performance in natural fiber-reinforced polyester composites.</p>

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Thermal Conductivity, DMA, Flammability, and Electrical Conductivity Performance of Surface Modified Passiflora edulis Husk Biochar Toughened Aloe Vera fiber Reinforced Polyester Composite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • K. Hariprasad,
  • S. Sambath,
  • M. R. Anantha Padmanaban,
  • V. Jayaseelan

摘要

Biochar derived from Passiflora edulis husk was investigated as a low-cost, renewable functional filler for aloe vera fiber–reinforced polyester composites, with emphasis on improving interfacial compatibility and multifunctional performance. Biochar was produced by pyrolysis and surface modified using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3-APTMS) to enhance matrix–filler interaction. The influence of silane-treated biochar on viscoelastic, flammability, thermal, and electrical properties was systematically evaluated. The composite containing 2 vol. % silanized biochar (PFB5) exhibited the highest electrical conductivity (7.0 × 10–9 S/m), while 4 vol. % silanized biochar resulted in the lowest flame propagation rate (13.5 mm/min) and the highest thermal conductivity (0.158 W/mK). Dynamic mechanical analysis showed an increased storage modulus of 2.80 GPa and a reduced loss factor of 0.046 at a glass transition temperature of 76 °C. SEM analysis confirmed improved dispersion and interfacial adhesion due to silane treatment. The study demonstrates that controlled silanization and biochar loading enable targeted enhancement of functional and mechanical performance in natural fiber-reinforced polyester composites.