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<p>This study uniquely investigates the synergistic interfacial and performance effects of surface-treated Eucalyptus globulus leaf stem fiber and Morindacoreia fruit-waste biocarbon in vinyl ester composites, enabling waste valorization and the development of environmentally durable high-performance bio-composites.The neat vinyl ester matrix exhibited the lowest performance due to its brittle nature, recording tensile strength of 57&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 65&#xa0;MPa, impact energy of 0.4&#xa0;J, hardness of 78 Shore-D, wear rate of 0.0335 mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm, water absorption of 1.93%, and thermal decomposition at 231&#xa0;°C. The incorporation of alkali–silane treated fiber significantly improved interfacial adhesion, leading to enhanced mechanical load sharing and reduced crack initiation. Among the treated composites, the specimen containing 3 vol% biocarbon (VMB2) demonstrated the highest mechanical and fatigue performance, with tensile strength of 143&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 153&#xa0;MPa, impact energy of 4.10&#xa0;J, hardness of 87, and fatigue life of 24,805 cycles at 25% UTS, 22,896 cycles at 50% UTS, and 20,929 cycles at 75% UTS, due to uniform filler dispersion and a compact, chemically bonded interphase that directs cracks along tortuous paths and enhances energy dissipation. Meanwhile, the specimen with 5 vol% biocarbon (VMB3) exhibited superior durability-based behaviors, including lowest water absorption of 1.49%, highest thermal stability at 284&#xa0;°C, and lowest flammability propagation speed of 6.2&#xa0;mm/s, along with the smallest drilling-induced hole enlargement, indicating that a dense filler network restricts heat flow, moisture diffusion, surface abrasion, and delamination during machining. SEM analysis confirmed improved interfacial bonding and uniform filler dispersion in treated composites. Silane treatment significantly enhanced structural integrity and multifunctional performance. These composites show strong potential for lightweight and sustainable engineering applications.</p>

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Comparative Analysis on Surface Treated Eucalyptus globulus Leaf Stem Fiber and Morindacoreia Fruit Waste Biocarbon Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composite. Evaluate: Mechanical, Fatigue, Thermal Stability, Flammability, Moisture Absorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • P. Senthil Kumar,
  • R. Karuppasamy,
  • R. Giri Prasad,
  • L. Guganathan

摘要

This study uniquely investigates the synergistic interfacial and performance effects of surface-treated Eucalyptus globulus leaf stem fiber and Morindacoreia fruit-waste biocarbon in vinyl ester composites, enabling waste valorization and the development of environmentally durable high-performance bio-composites.The neat vinyl ester matrix exhibited the lowest performance due to its brittle nature, recording tensile strength of 57 MPa, flexural strength of 65 MPa, impact energy of 0.4 J, hardness of 78 Shore-D, wear rate of 0.0335 mm3/Nm, water absorption of 1.93%, and thermal decomposition at 231 °C. The incorporation of alkali–silane treated fiber significantly improved interfacial adhesion, leading to enhanced mechanical load sharing and reduced crack initiation. Among the treated composites, the specimen containing 3 vol% biocarbon (VMB2) demonstrated the highest mechanical and fatigue performance, with tensile strength of 143 MPa, flexural strength of 153 MPa, impact energy of 4.10 J, hardness of 87, and fatigue life of 24,805 cycles at 25% UTS, 22,896 cycles at 50% UTS, and 20,929 cycles at 75% UTS, due to uniform filler dispersion and a compact, chemically bonded interphase that directs cracks along tortuous paths and enhances energy dissipation. Meanwhile, the specimen with 5 vol% biocarbon (VMB3) exhibited superior durability-based behaviors, including lowest water absorption of 1.49%, highest thermal stability at 284 °C, and lowest flammability propagation speed of 6.2 mm/s, along with the smallest drilling-induced hole enlargement, indicating that a dense filler network restricts heat flow, moisture diffusion, surface abrasion, and delamination during machining. SEM analysis confirmed improved interfacial bonding and uniform filler dispersion in treated composites. Silane treatment significantly enhanced structural integrity and multifunctional performance. These composites show strong potential for lightweight and sustainable engineering applications.