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<p>The growing demand for environmentally friXc007A CVHB endly materials has driven research into innovative strategies for recycling and improving the mechanical performance of composites. This study investigates a novel sandwich composite comprising a core of recycled Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste and kenaf fiber-reinforced vinyl ester face sheets, with a particular focus on the effects of silane coupling grafting. The objective is to develop a high-strength, lightweight composite suitable for load-bearing applications. Two composite formulations were fabricated and subjected to various aging conditions to evaluate their performance under different environmental scenarios. The synergistic combination of silane treatment, PET core, and kenaf fiber significantly influences the composites’ mechanical, flammability, and thermal properties, enhancing their versatility across potential applications. Based on measured properties, KPR1 () emerged as the best-performing composite, exhibiting consistently high values across all mechanical tests: tensile strength of 42&#xa0;MPa, flexural strength of 79&#xa0;MPa, impact energy of 3.5&#xa0;J, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 16&#xa0;MPa. In contrast, KPH2 exhibited the highest thermal conductivity of 2.00 W/m · K, which further increased with silane treatment, highlighting its potential for efficient heat dissipation. Notably, this composite also demonstrated the slowest flammability propagation rate at 13.3&#xa0;mm/min. Preliminary findings indicate that silane coupling grafting substantially enhances the mechanical performance of these sandwich composites. The modified formulations exhibit superior resilience to environmental stressors, increased rigidity, and improved load-bearing capacity. These results underscore the potential of such composites for structural applications where a balance of strength, weight, and environmental sustainability is essential, advancing the development of high-performance, eco-friendly materials.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of Silane Surface Grafting on PET Bottle Waste Recycled Thin Core and Kenaf Bast Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Sandwich Composite Subjected to Temperature, Rain and Salt Water Aging

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • G. Nagaraj,
  • Abdul Aziz Abdullah Ahmed Alghamdi,
  • C. K. Arvinda Pandian,
  • RaghuramPradhan

摘要

The growing demand for environmentally friXc007A CVHB endly materials has driven research into innovative strategies for recycling and improving the mechanical performance of composites. This study investigates a novel sandwich composite comprising a core of recycled Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste and kenaf fiber-reinforced vinyl ester face sheets, with a particular focus on the effects of silane coupling grafting. The objective is to develop a high-strength, lightweight composite suitable for load-bearing applications. Two composite formulations were fabricated and subjected to various aging conditions to evaluate their performance under different environmental scenarios. The synergistic combination of silane treatment, PET core, and kenaf fiber significantly influences the composites’ mechanical, flammability, and thermal properties, enhancing their versatility across potential applications. Based on measured properties, KPR1 () emerged as the best-performing composite, exhibiting consistently high values across all mechanical tests: tensile strength of 42 MPa, flexural strength of 79 MPa, impact energy of 3.5 J, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 16 MPa. In contrast, KPH2 exhibited the highest thermal conductivity of 2.00 W/m · K, which further increased with silane treatment, highlighting its potential for efficient heat dissipation. Notably, this composite also demonstrated the slowest flammability propagation rate at 13.3 mm/min. Preliminary findings indicate that silane coupling grafting substantially enhances the mechanical performance of these sandwich composites. The modified formulations exhibit superior resilience to environmental stressors, increased rigidity, and improved load-bearing capacity. These results underscore the potential of such composites for structural applications where a balance of strength, weight, and environmental sustainability is essential, advancing the development of high-performance, eco-friendly materials.

Graphical Abstract