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<p>This study presents a sustainable and efficient route for the synthesis of rice husk (RH)-derived nanosilica (nS) which eventually enhances the strength and durability of both conventional and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)systems. Organic acid leaching using acetic and citric acids was optimized under controlled parameters. The 2&#xa0;M acetic acid route at 600&#xa0;°C achieved the highest silica yield (72%) ad this is due to its greater dissolution of silica precursors. However, the 2 M citric acid treatment (90 min leaching followed by calcination at 800 °C) yielded nanosilica (nS) with markedly enhanced purity, structural stability, and a high specific surface area (106.86 m² g⁻¹). This improvement is attributed to the chelating capability and mild organic nature of citric acid, which enabled the selective removal of metallic and carbonaceous impurities without causing collapse of the silica framework. The findings highlight a distinct trade-off between higher yield with acetic acid and better quality with the citric acid. Characterization confirmed amorphous morphology (25–75&#xa0;nm) and strong Si–O–Si bonding. After being incorporated into the concrete, citric acid-derived nS improved compressive strength by 11.05% (1.5% nS in conventional concrete) and 20.6% (3% nS in RAC), reduced water absorption by 48% and 37.9%, and enhanced acid resistance by up to 40.3%. Microstructural observations indicated denser matrices and reduced porosity. Overall, the optimized citric acid-mediated process demonstrated an eco-efficient approach to valorize agricultural waste into high-quality nS, and offered a cost-effective pathway toward durable, sustainable, and circular construction materials.</p>

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Eco-friendly Synthesis of Rice Husk-Derived Nanosilica Using Organic Acids and its Application in Sustainable Rural Concrete

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Sneha Singh,
  • Ramagopal V. S. Uppaluri

摘要

This study presents a sustainable and efficient route for the synthesis of rice husk (RH)-derived nanosilica (nS) which eventually enhances the strength and durability of both conventional and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)systems. Organic acid leaching using acetic and citric acids was optimized under controlled parameters. The 2 M acetic acid route at 600 °C achieved the highest silica yield (72%) ad this is due to its greater dissolution of silica precursors. However, the 2 M citric acid treatment (90 min leaching followed by calcination at 800 °C) yielded nanosilica (nS) with markedly enhanced purity, structural stability, and a high specific surface area (106.86 m² g⁻¹). This improvement is attributed to the chelating capability and mild organic nature of citric acid, which enabled the selective removal of metallic and carbonaceous impurities without causing collapse of the silica framework. The findings highlight a distinct trade-off between higher yield with acetic acid and better quality with the citric acid. Characterization confirmed amorphous morphology (25–75 nm) and strong Si–O–Si bonding. After being incorporated into the concrete, citric acid-derived nS improved compressive strength by 11.05% (1.5% nS in conventional concrete) and 20.6% (3% nS in RAC), reduced water absorption by 48% and 37.9%, and enhanced acid resistance by up to 40.3%. Microstructural observations indicated denser matrices and reduced porosity. Overall, the optimized citric acid-mediated process demonstrated an eco-efficient approach to valorize agricultural waste into high-quality nS, and offered a cost-effective pathway toward durable, sustainable, and circular construction materials.