Purpose of review <p>Oncoplastic surgery has been well established in these countries as an alternative to mastectomy, offering oncologic safety while preserving the natural contours of the female breast. Although major differences remain between private and public health systems in Brazil, this same pattern is not reflected in oncoplastic surgery.</p> Recents findings <p>This is explained by the fact that this technique is associated more with the nature of the surgical training provided than with the availability of financial resources.We observed a big difference between breast reconstruction in the private and public system.</p> Summary <p>In conclusions, oncoplastic surgery may contribute towards reducing inequalities and improving the management of breast cancer treatment in Brazil, providing adequate oncologic results even when financial resources are limited in the public hospital.</p>